<p>Mount Olive Historic District is a national historic district located at Mount Olive, Wayne County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 465 contributing buildings, 2 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Mount Olive. It developed between about 1838 and 1949, and includes notable examples of Italianate and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed former United States Post Office, Mount Olive High School , Southerland-Burnette House, and Perry-Cherry House. Other notable contributing buildings are the Elms , Mount Olive Presbyterian Church , Carver High School , Wooten & Brothers Building , DeBrutz English House , Center Theatre , Mount Olive Manufacturing Company , Farrior-Wooten House , Mount Olive First United Methodist Church , Mt. Olive Pickle Co. Office , Mount Olive Passenger Depot , and Ebenezer Apostolic Holiness Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Borden Manufacturing Company, also known as Goldsboro Cotton Mills and Wayne Cotton Mills, is a historic factory complex located at Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina. The complex includes the Goldsboro Cotton Mills , Goldsboro Smokestack , Goldsboro Boiler Room , Borden-Goldsboro Pedestrian Bridge , Borden Manufacturing Company , Borden Water Tank , Borden Auto Garage , Borden Reservoir , Borden Reservoir Pump House , Borden Railroad Siding Tracks , Borden Conditioning Room , and Borden Storage Building . The Goldsboro Cotton Mills is a two-story, 16 bays long, gable-front, brick building with Italianate style detailing. It features a central three-story square tower, three bays in width.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Morrill Hall is a campus building of the University of Vermont , which is located on the southeast corner of the "University Green" in Burlington, Vermont . The building was named after USA Senator, Justin Smith Morrill who authored the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of 1862 and 1890, which created the American Land-Grant universities and colleges. Senator Morrill also served as a trustee of the university from 1865 until 1898. The building was constructed during 1906-07 to serve as the home of the UVM Agriculture Department and the Agricultural Experiment Station. It was added to National Register of Historic Places as part of University Green Historic District on April 14, 1975. As of 2015, the building continues to house the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the UVM Agricultural Extension Service.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Morrill Hall was constructed with a State appropriation of $60,000, which passed in the Vermont House under bill H.76 on October 27, 1904 (with a vote of 170 Yeas and 54 Nays), in the Senate on November 11, 1904 (with a vote of 23 Yeas and 2 Nays), and was signed by the Governor on November 15, 1904. Morrill Hall was dedicated on December 11, 1907. It was the first building ever to be constructed on the UVM campus using state funds.</p><br>
<h3>Land use history</h3><br>
<p>The site where Morrill Hall currently stands was part of a 22-acre farm originally owned by Moses Catlin. The land was passed to Catlin from Ira Allen in November 1798 as a result of a levy originating from a federal judgement against Allen. Catlin had filed a lawsuit on the behalf of his wife, Lucinda Catlin (née Allen) for mismanagement of her late father&#39;s estate. Lucinda Catlin was the daughter of Heman Allen and niece to Ira and Ethan Allen.</p><br>
<p>In 1806, Catlin built the original house on the property, which is today known as the "Johnson House". The property was then sold to John Johnson (Vermont&#39;s third surveyor-general) in 1809. Johnson was in charge of surveying the northeastern boundary between Canada and the USA (circa 1816). He had also served as the architect and master builder of the original college building (i.e. the 1802 predecessor to the present day "Old Mill" building). After it was destroyed by fire in 1824, Johnson designed much of its replacement, as well as other buildings on the UVM campus (e.g. Grasse Mount in 1804, and Pomeroy Hall in 1828).</p><br>
<p>Johnsons son Edwin F. Johnson passed the property to his son-in-law Joseph Dana Allen, who then passed it to his son John Johnson Allen (UVM class of 1862). In 1906, the site known as the "Allen Homestead" was sold to the University Trustees by J.J. Allen (for a sum of $30,000 or $32,000) for the purpose of the buildings construction.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>To make way for the construction of Morrill Hall during 1906, the barn and a line fence on the property were demolished, while the original "Johnson House" was moved to 590 Main Street (i.e. the current location of the Dudley H. Davis Student Center). In 2005, the Johnson House was again moved to the opposite side of the street, on the southwestern corner of University Heights and Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The corner stone of the Morrill Hall was laid on June 26, 1906 as part of that years commencement exercises. A copper box was placed inside the corner stone containing a number of historical documents causal to the buildings construction (e.g. the Morrill Bills of 1862 and 1890, the Hatch Act of 1887, the Adams Act of 1906, State legislation addressing the State Agriculture College and Experiment Station, the 18th report of the Vermont Experiment station, et al.) by Gov. Charles J. Bell.</p><br>
<p>The Champlain Manufacturing Company of Burlington, VT served as the construction contractor, with oversight by a member of the UVM Board of Trustees, G.S. Fassett. and housed a mail room, and the power and heating plant.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the original interior partitions were made of painted brick, where some of the other partitions were made of brown ash. The ceilings were constructed entirely out of steel. The building was equipped with an elaborate ventilation system for its time, and was heated using steam.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, three 60 x 20 green houses and a steam-powered head house (costing $7,000) were built in back of Morrill Hall, which provided for teaching and experimentation in horticulture and plant physiology, and replaced the outmoded 1891 greenhouse facility formerly located on the university&#39;s farm.</p><br>
<h3>Historic occupancy</h3><br>
<p>When Morrill Hall had first opened in 1907, it housed the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, and the University Extension Service, which administered a total of 60 students and 10 faculty. Within a decade the facility was already considered to be overcrowded. The number of faculty, staff and students in 1916 was reported to have increased to 125 regular students (with an additional 50 students during the winter months), and 32 faculty and staff utilizing the offices and laboratories.</p><br>
<p>By 1925, the attendance of the College of Agriculture had "considerably more than tripled" since 1907. During that year, after the passing of the Purnell Act (which had significantly increased federal endowments for all 48 of the nations agricultural experiment stations), the buildings overcrowded conditions began to be addressed when the University moved the offices and research laboratories of the dairy department into the renovated "old medical college building" (known today as Pomeroy Hall) located diagonally across the street from Morrill Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the Agricultural Extension Service offices were moved to the former residence of a UVM Professor, Josiah W. Votey at 481 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, the basement was installed with a foods laboratory, and a new milk laboratory replaced the storage area and mail room (that was relocated to 481 Main Street). However, by the mid to late 1940s, the Home Economics department "had taken over much of the building",</p><br>
<h3>Professor Bertha M. Terrill and the Home Economics department</h3><br>
<p>A testament to her efficacy in establishing the Department of Home Economics (more recently known as the Department of Leadership and Developmental Sciences) over the course of her 31-year tenure, Bertha Mary Terrill (1870–1968) initiated the program during the fall semester of 1909 as the sole instructor with only a single classroom located in the basement of Morrill Hall. With a $1,000 contribution raised by university alumnae, The first woman to join the faculty in the universitys history during that year, Terrill was soon appointed as the Dean of Women. In 1911, an additional instructor and a furnished room within Morrill Hall was added to the department. Terrills introduction of "practical education" for women within her curriculum (e.g. Chemistry, Physiology, Bacteriology, which were prerequisites for most of her courses) was considered to be highly controversial among higher-education institutions of the day. Later reflecting that she may not have had the courage to come to Vermont had she known beforehand how much prejudice against women she would encounter, Terrill nevertheless had a successful academic career, which included; the authorship of a book, serving as a charter member of the American Home Economics Association, and the co-founding of the Burlington Community Center (today known as the Sara M. Holbrook Community Center) in Burlington, Vermont in November 1937. Taking an interest in a number of humanitarian efforts, Professor Terrill had introduced educational programs to people in rural areas of the State to improve nutrition, consumer practices, and sanitation. had once remarked; "No one ever knew how many girls Bertha helped finance out of her own pocket."</p><br>
<p>Having expanded the department to six full-time professors and three research professors, Professor Terrill was awarded and honorary Doctorate of Science in Home Economics upon her retirement in 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Modern renovations and occupancy</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, the University considered a $540,000 proposal to renovate the building. Some of the improvements considered were; removal of the large main "decorative" stairway and replacing it with two smaller fireproof stairways; converting the attic into a laboratory; and installing a mechanical ventilation system, low-hung ceilings, an elevator, and a handicap-accessible ramp at the front door. Although the proposal was not accepted, an elevator was eventually installed providing access to all four levels of the building.</p><br>
<p>Around 1992–93 (possibly sooner), the Vermont Center for Geographic Information (VCGI), an "Affiliate Organization" of UVM at the time, was located on the upper floor of Morrill Hall. In 1999, their offices were relocated to the first floor of the Johnson House.</p><br>
<h2>Current use and occupancy</h2><br>
<p>Today the building houses the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and its Department of Community Development and Applied Economics (CDAE), which administers three undergraduate majors, including; Community Entrepreneurship, Community & International Development, Public Communication; and two graduate programs; M.S. Community Development and Applied Economics, and a Master of Public Administration.</p><br>
<p>Also housed in Morrill Hall are; the Center for Rural Studies, the Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC), the Office of Community-University Partnerships & Service Learning (CUPS), and the Vermont Regional Office of the Peace Corps.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architect of the building was Charles Wyman Buckham, the son of the 11th University of Vermont president Matthew Henry Buckham. An 1891 graduate of the University of Vermont, Charles Buckham continued his architectural studies at the National Academy of Design (currently known as the National Academy Museum & School) in New York City, Columbia University, and at institutions in Paris. He was the designer of the State Office Building in Montpelier, Vermont, among a number of other notable buildings in Vermont, New York City, and Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Morrill Hall is a three-story building (including a basement) built using rusticated brick with terra-cotta trim. From a centered and (generally) west-facing, semi-portico structure extends the main entrance, which is topped with a pediment adorned with the Great Seal of Vermont. The entrance way is adjoined by two 23 3" granite columns; each weighing about thirteen tons and measuring a diameter of 2 10" at the base, and 2&#39; 5" at the summit. The steps to the front door are built from Woodbury granite. The wide sixteen-step inner staircase ascending from the main entrance to first floor is made of marble and complimented by walls of carved paneling. The wooden floors on the upper-levels are made of North Carolina pine.</p><br>
<p>The building has a length (north-south) of 112 ft. and a width (east-west) of 62&#39;. The total floor area is 28,169 ft (gross area) and 19,574 ft (finished area). An unfinished attic accounts for 6,944 ft of gross floor space, which is primarily used for storage.</p><br>
<p>A 2000 UVM Historic Preservation Program report describes Morrill Hall as a "Neoclassical style building"</p><br>
<p>A 1956 architectural analysis report further describes Morrill Hall as "late Victorian Eclectic" with its balance of structure and some of the window arches having a "Palladian influence":</p><br>
<p>Emergency exits are mounted on the rear of the building which traverse the central bays of the second and third stories. Open steel grated stairways and railings are assembled with horizontal platforms positioned at each exit, and at a halfway point between each level. The emergency exit doors are primarily made of glass with sidelights and transoms.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Brown-Cowles House and Cowles Law Office, also known as the Paul Osborne House and Law and Bride Cottage, is a historic home and law office located at Wilkesboro, Wilkes County, North Carolina. The Cowles Law Office was built about 1871, and is a small one-story frame building with gable roof and single-shoulder end chimney. The original section of the Brown-Cowles House was built about 1834, and enlarged with a two-story wing by 1885 and enlarged again between 1920 and 1926. It is a two-story frame dwelling with Federal style detailing. Also on the property are the contributing curing house and kitchen. It was the home of William H.H. Cowles , a lawyer and four-term Congressman during the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Styggforsen is a waterfall and a nature reserve in Dalarna County, Sweden. It is part of the European Union-wide Natura 2000 network.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is located in the village of Boda, 20 kilometres to the north of Rättvik. It lies at the eastern edge of the Siljan Ring, a prehistoric impact crater which was formed 377 million years ago during the Devonian period when a meteorite struck the Earth&#39;s surface. The bolide was estimated to be about 4 kilometres in diameter and was travelling at around 100,000 kilometres per hour, causing a vertical realignment of the horizontal rock strata and a depression of the bedrock upon collision. This had a profound effect upon the local environment, creating many of the geological features which exist to this day such as Lake Siljan to the south-west and Styggforsen.</p><br>
<p>The river Styggforsån is interrupted by the waterfall which is 36 meters high and composed of a column of Ordovician limestone. The base of the waterfall abuts a dike of brecciated quartz which is believed to predate the impact event. The site is popular with tourists and it is encompassed by a circular path of about one kilometre that leads down to a cave called Troll Hole. A cafe is open during the summer time and there is also an information centre nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a nature reserve approximately 12 hectares in size was established around the waterfall, and in 2005 it was incorporated into the Natura 2000 network. Its moist climate is favoured by many lichens, mosses and plants, such as the rare orchid Epipactis atrorubens which grows there. It also provides a habitat for many species of insects which include Venusia cambrica, Hyloicus pinastri and Epirrhoe alternata. Picking flowers and doing anything to affect the environment is forbidden within the confines of the nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Ingmar Bergman&#39;s film, The Virgin Spring, used Styggforsen as one of its locations.</p><br>
<p>The John Welling House is a historic Dutch Colonial home in Pennington, New Jersey that dates to the early 18th century. John Welling moved to the Hopewell valley from Jamaica, New York in 1727 and leased the home and 223 acre farm from Terit Lester, purchasing it the next year. A tradition exists that during the British occupation of Pennington during the American Revolution a Hessian soldier was taken captive in the home. Welling&#39;s great-granddaughter, Elizabeth Welling, married John D. Hart who built the adjacent John D. Hart House, which is also on the National Register of Historic Places. The home remained in the Welling family until 1921 and from 1928 until 1973 was home to Congressman Charles R. Howell. The house is a rare example of a Dutch clapboard and shingle house, one of the few remaining in Mercer County.</p><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead was a heritage-listed homestead at Esk-Kilcoy Road, Lake Wivenhoe, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1889 to 1890. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 1996. It was destroyed by fire in 2009 and removed from the Queensland Heritage Register in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead was built in 1889-90 for grazier Henry Plantagenet Somerset and his wife Katherine Rose (née McConnel) and their family.</p><br>
<p>Henry Plantagenet Somerset, connected to an important English military family, arrived in Moreton Bay in 1871 at the age of 19 years, intending to stay only until he could obtain an English army commission. Instead, he took up stock work and station management in Queensland and New South Wales. In 1879 he married Katherine Rose, daughter of pioneer Brisbane Valley squatter David Cannon McConnel of Cressbrook Station. Somerset had worked for the McConnels, learning station skills at Cressbrook during 1872, and then managing Mount Marlow station for them.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s Somerset managed a New South Wales pastoral station and meatworks before returning to Queensland to purchase a property of his own. In 1888 he secured approximately 20,000 acres in the Mount Stanley area of the Brisbane Valley as a grazing farm, intending to erect his family home there. He engaged a brickmaker to start making bricks for the chimneys, and employed men to pit-saw pine logs brought down from the ranges. However, respecting the McConnels wish that the two families should avoid the 19 river crossings between Cressbrook and Mount Stanley, Somerset agreed to exchange 10,000 acres of his Mount Stanley land for 5,000 acres of freehold Cressbrook land at the junction of the Brisbane and Stanley Rivers. Somerset called this property Caboonbah, derived from the Aboriginal Cabon gibba meaning big rock, describing the steep, 120 feet high bank of the Brisbane River on which Caboonbah homestead was built. The property, mostly comprising rich alluvial flats, was divided into 7 paddocks and was devoted to fattening bullocks, dairying and horse-breeding. Some sheep were also run, but eventually these were replaced by goats. In 1892 the first cattle to cross the dAguilar Range were a mob of fat bullocks from Caboonbah.</p><br>
<p>Work on Caboonbah Homestead commenced in late 1889 and was completed during the summer floods of 1890. The brickmaker employed at Mount Stanley made 30,000 bricks at the head of Sapphire Gully, to the west of the house, and erected a service building containing a bakery, washhouse and storerooms. The oven fire also was used to heat water, which was then piped to the adjoining washhouse. The locally produced bricks proved to be very brittle, so bricks from Dinmore (near Ipswich) were ordered for the house chimneys. The house was constructed mostly of milled timber brought in from Nicholson&#39;s mill near Villeneuve, but some of the pine sawn at Mount Stanley was used in construction of the loft. The roof was clad in shingles, stacked wet and not dressed. This created a cooler roof, but in time the shingles warped and shrank.</p><br>
<p>The Somerset family occupied their new home in March 1890, and remained there until Katherine&#39;s death in 1935. HP Somerset died the following year. Two of their ten children were born at Caboonbah, and two lie buried on the slope below the front of the house (-27.1438&deg; latitude, 152.4933&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>During the 1893 Brisbane River floods Henry Somerset was in a unique position at Caboonbah to observe the rapidly rising flood waters and to realise the potential danger to surrounding districts. When 36 in of rain fell in the Blackall Ranges in February 1893 and raised the river level to 74 ft at Caboonbah Homestead, Somerset dispatched a messenger on horseback to Esk to telegraph Brisbane of the impending danger. Two weeks later the Brisbane River rose again, and finding the Esk telegraph line down, Somerset rowed across the flooded Brisbane River, two horses swimming in tow, to send a rider across the dAguilar Range to Caboolture to telegraph Brisbane. The first message was ignored or misinterpreted, but as a result of Somersets efforts Caboonbah was made Queensland&#39;s first flood warning station, with a telegraph line to Cressbrook Station carrying a family-operated Morse for 8? years until a telephone line was installed in the early 1900s. The flood warning station was manned by the Somersets for 40 years, 1893-1933, without remuneration.</p><br>
<p>Henry Somerset sustained heavy financial losses, estimated at about £11,000, during the 1893 floods and was obliged to sell his Mount Stanley holdings to secure the family homestead at Caboonbah against debt.</p><br>
<p>Both Henry and Katherine Somerset were prominent in Brisbane Valley community work. From 1890 to 1904 Henry was a member of the Esk Divisional Board, later the Esk Shire Council, and finally its chairman. With Mrs Lumley-Hill of Bellevue Station, Katherine was co-founder of the Stanley Memorial Hospital (now the Esk and District Hospital). In 1905 the Somersets founded the Caboonbah Undenominational Church, donating the land and standing timber, the latter exchanged for seasoned timber from Lars Andersen&#39;s sawmill at Esk. Prior to construction of the church Henry had held services every second Sunday either at Caboonbah or in barns on neighbouring properties and Katherine played the organ at these services.</p><br>
<p>From 1904 to 1920 Henry Somerset served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for Stanley, being returned 6 times by his electorate. Due to his representations the Brisbane Valley railway was extended to Blackbutt in 1911 and finally to Yarraman in 1913. He was also a prominent supporter of the rural schools movement. His early contributions to the welfare of the district were honoured when Stanley became part of the larger electorate of Somerset.</p><br>
<p>Henry Somerset was also the first to suggest the site of the present Somerset Dam, named in his honour. Following the 1893 floods and their devastating effects on the Brisbane River valley, various flood mitigation schemes were proposed to modify the run-off of the Brisbane and Stanley Rivers, but none were adopted. The 1901-1902 drought highlighted the need for water storage above Mount Crosby Pumping Station to meet Brisbanes growing water consumption. In 1906, when the Brisbane Water Board was proposing to utilise the lake on Stradbroke Island to augment Brisbanes water supply, Somerset invited the Board to send an engineer to inspect the Stanley Gorge, suggesting that a dam across the gorge would serve two purposes: flood mitigation in the Brisbane River Valley, and increased storage for Brisbanes water supply. Eminent American engineer Allan Hazen also inspected the site and agreed that it had potential for future development, but recommended that a dam on Cabbage Tree Creek would solve Brisbanes more immediate needs. Lake Manchester, on Cabbage Tree Creek, was completed in 1916, putting the Stanley River proposal on hold.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 Gutteridge commission of enquiry into Brisbane&#39;s Water Supply recommended that reservoirs be constructed on the Brisbane River at Middle Creek and on the Stanley River at Little Mount Brisbane, but no action was taken until 1933, when the Forgan-Smith Labor Government adopted the Brisbane River Valley flood mitigation and water supply scheme (Stanley Dam) as a major employment-generating project during an era of severe economic depression. By 1935 work on the dam itself had commenced, and in that year district residents requested that the name of the dam be changed to Somerset, honouring the man who first proposed the site. The town established for the dam workers was also named Somerset. The dam structure was largely in place by 1941, but in 1943 the workforce was diverted to the war effort. The dam was opened in 1953, and in late 1958 Queensland Premier Frank Nicklin unveiled a memorial plaque officially naming the dam after Henry Plantagenet Somerset.</p><br>
<p>Following Katherine Somersets death in 1935, the Somerset home and a small portion of the original property of 5,000 acres was sold to the Grieve family, who operated Caboonbah as a guest house until 1962. In 1963 the house was purchased as a private residence by Neville Carseldine. Caboonbah was resumed in 1973 by the Queensland Government as part of the Wivenhoe Dam project, and was leased for 10 years by Mr Carseldines brother Max until 1983, when the Brisbane Valley Historical Society obtained an occupation permit. The property was transferred later to the Brisbane and Area Water Board, which removed all but one of the original timber outbuildings associated with the homestead. Caboonbah Homestead remained the headquarters of the Brisbane Valley Historical Society. Following meticulous restoration, the Caboonbah Homestead was opened to the public in 1989. The society also relocated to the grounds two early 20th century cottages, the 1928 Esk Court House, and a cell block from Esk (but do not form part of the heritage listing).</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the movie Deluge: the true story of the Great Brisbane Flood of 1893 starring local actor Ray Barrett presented the story of Somerset and his attempts to warn of the impending flood.</p><br>
<p>The Caboonbah Homestead burned down on 10 May 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead was a large, single-storeyed timber residence situated on the elevated south bank of the Brisbane River, three miles below its junction with the Stanley River. The house overlooked Lake Wivenhoe. The building was low set on timber stumps and has a hardwood frame clad in profiled timber boarding. There were timber verandahs to the north, east and south elevations. The roof was of galvanised iron, fixed over original the timber shingles, on a pitched hardwood frame.</p><br>
<p>The homestead had been extended a number of times. The large entrance porch on the eastern elevation was an addition with a low pitched projecting gable. The battened gable end and detailing of the verandah posts and railings indicated that this was probably added in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The original plan was a central corridor with four main rooms, an attached service wing and verandahs to the north, east and south. The verandahs were partially enclosed and contained a series of small rooms. To the north west at the rear of the homestead a wing was added parallel to the original service wing. The detailing of this wing including the bay window indicates that this wing was added in the 1920s. Internally the homestead retained many of the original fittings, including cedar surrounds to the fireplaces and a coved timber ceiling in the dining room.</p><br>
<p>A masonry service building was adjacent to the homestead on the western side. The floor was concrete, the walls were of hand-made brick with some minor timber frame divisions, and it had a corrugated galvanised iron roof. There was a verandah to the north wall which returns part way round the east wall. On the southern elevation was an open covered recess.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead, erected 1889-90, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the establishment of the first flood warning station in Queensland in 1893. The place is also closely associated with local social and political events, in particular representing the legislative power of the Queensland Government in the Stanley electorate from 1904 to 1920.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead makes a significant contribution to the Queensland estate, illustrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, late 19th century timber homestead with early 20th century additions. The design, with its wide, low verandahs onto which every room opens, high ceilings, opening fanlights above French doors, roof ventilator and low timber stumps, illustrates the adaptation of traditional British architectural taste to Queensland climatic conditions. A lack of refurbishment in a more pretentious style to accompany the increasing status of its owners reflects the aesthetic and cultural values of our nation builders.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead has a special association for the local community with the early development of the Caboonbah area, with state politics in the Stanley (now part of Somerset) electorate for 16 years, and with the construction of the Somerset dam, one of Queensland&#39;s most important mid-20th century projects.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Caboonbah Homestead has a special association with the life and work of Henry Plantagenet Somerset and his wife Katherine Rose McConnel, who lived at Caboonbah from 1890 until Katherine&#39;s death in 1935. The Somersets were prominent in Brisbane Valley and later Queensland affairs from 1890 to 1920. In particular, Henry Somerset is associated with the establishment of Caboonbah as the first flood warning station in Queensland, and with the selection of the site for the Somerset Dam, named in his honour.</p><br>
<p>The Weston Homestead is a historic house on Weston Road in Madison, Maine. Built in 1817, it is remarkably fine and well-preserved example of Federal period architecture. The many generations of Westons who have owned have a history of civic involvement in the community. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Weston Homestead is set on the east bank of the Kennebec River, on a rural parcel at the end of Weston Road, north of the town center of Madison. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled tin roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main facade faces west, toward the river, and is symmetrically arrange, with five bays. The central one is occupied by the main entrance, which is flanked by Doric pilasters and is topped by a fanlight and a lintel with dentil moulding. A long two-story ell extends to the rear (east) of the house, connecting it to a carriage barn. The interior of the house has very few alterations, retaining wallpaper from the 1830s in the main parlor and from 1817 in the front hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Benjamin Weston, whose father settled in the area in 1771, and whose mother was the first documented female settler in Somerset County. Weston operated a ferry service on the river. Benjamins son Nathan was prominent in local civic and economic affairs, promoting construction of the first railroad bridge in Madison and helping fund construction of the communitys first church. As of the date of the property&#39;s listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the property remained in the hands of Weston descendants.</p><br>
<p>Wilson Central Business–Tobacco Warehouse District is a national historic district located at Wilson, Wilson County, North Carolina. It encompasses 152 contributing buildings, 20 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures in the central business district of Wilson. The district includes notable examples of Late Victorian and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Branch Banking Building, Cherry Hotel, and Wilson County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Woodard-Watson Warehouse, Planters Warehouse, Passenger Station and Freight Depot , Jackson Chapel First Baptist Church , St. Johns African Methodist Episcopal Church , Imperial Tobacco Company , Winstead-Hardy Building , Rountree Building , Planter&#39;s Bank Building , United States Post Office and Courthouse , Charles L. Coon High School , First National Bank of Wilson Building , Wilson Theatre , Odd Fellows Lodge , and the Works Projects Administration financed Wilson Municipal Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Rocca delle Penne is a 1501 metres high mountain in the Ligurian Prealps  in Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located between the province of Imperia, in Liguria, and the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont. In the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) it gives the name to the Dorsale della Rocca delle Penne,</p><br>
<p>a ridge starting from the main chain of the Alps at monte della Guardia which, heading south-east, divides the valleys Arroscia and Pennaviare/Neva.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is divided by monte della Guardia by the Caprauna pass (1379 m) and from the nearby rocca Tramontina (1495 m) by a saddle at 1470 m.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Rocca della Penna can be accessed following unmarked traks on the ridge connecting Colle di Caprauna and rocca Tramontina.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants National Bank Building is a two-story, red brick building in Lehigh, Oklahoma, located at the southwest corner of Main Street and Railway Street.</p><br>
<p>It was one of two banks that served Lehigh during the town&#39;s mining boom. It is historically significant because it represents the economic growth and decline of Lehigh and exemplifies Late Victorian Renaissance architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the late-19th and early-20th centuries, Lehigh was a prosperous community due to the high demand for coal from mines in Coal County. The Merchants National Bank was founded in 1906. It was the second bank in Lehigh; the Lehigh National Bank, founded in 1898, was the first. Merchants National Bank operated out of a temporary headquarters for the first several months of its operation. On January 29, 1907, it was announced that the contract for the bank&#39;s building had been awarded to Faudree Brothers of Atoka, Oklahoma. The new bank was built on the southwest corner of Katy Avenue and Main Street, and it was, architecturally, one of the most striking buildings in town.</p><br>
<p>The coal boom ended in the 1910s, as railroads switched to cheaper fuel oil to power their trains. In the early 1920s, the railroads closed their mines in Lehigh. Declining crop prices and damage to the cotton crop from boll weevils further weakened the economy. The Merchants National Bank closed in 1923. The building subsequently housed a grocery store. Many of the other buildings on main street were abandoned. As part of New Deal projects during the Great Depression, most of the abandoned buildings on Main Street were torn down. During World War II, there was again a demand for coal in the area, and many of the town&#39;s buildings were torn down or moved so the ground underneath them could be readily mined.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the grocery store in the Merchants National Bank Building had closed, and the building had deteriorated and been damaged by vandals. In the 1980s, the Lehigh Historical Society completed restoration work on the building. They replaced most of the windows and repaired the roof, ceilings, and floors. The building is the only remaining commercial building in what was once downtown Lehigh. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is two stories high and made of red brick with cream brick highlights. It measured 34 by 70 feet, with the short side facing Main Street and the long side facing Railroad Street. It is in the Late Victorian Renaissance style. At the northwest corner, there is a pyramidal tower with a steeply pitched roof and a short, rounded spire. Along the roof of the building, there is a brick parapet on the north and east sides with a sandstone capstone and eight pilasters. The west side of the building has no windows and an unadorned parapet because the west wall was a party wall for the adjacent building. The building has arched windows framed in buff bricks. It has a recessed corner entrance, which is supported by a red granite column on a sandstone pier. The entryway is arch-shaped, and the arch is filled in with decorated wrought iron in a fan-shaped design. The first floor of the building contains the original banking room, which has a pressed tin ceiling, stained oak door and window surrounds, and keystones above the window arches. It has a poured concrete floor, which replaced the original floor, which had been damaged by rot. The plaster walls have been covered by fiberboard.</p><br>
<p>The Lesser Cyclades or Small Cyclades  is an island complex in Aegean Sea, inside the archipelago of the Cyclades. It is located to the south-east of Naxos and comprises 32 islands and rocks. The main islands are Ano Koufonisi, Kato Koufonisi, Irakleia, Schoinoussa, Donousa and Keros. The largest of them is Irakleia with an area of 18 km and the most populated is Ano Koufonisi with a population of 399, according to the 2011 census. Only four of them are inhabited, Ano Koufonisi, Irakleia, Donousa and Schoinoussa. The islet of Kato Antikeri has also two inhabitants. Administratively, the islands belong to the Naxos and Lesser Cyclades municipality apart from the islets of Ano and Kato Antikeri that belong to Amorgos municipality.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the last Ice Age most of the islands of the Cyclades were united into a big landmass. After the sea level rose in ca. 9,000 B.C. the Aegean flooded the landmass to form the many small islands and acquire its modern form. The Lesser Cyclades are inhabited since the Stone Age. The islands flourished during early Bronze Age, when the Cycladic culture appeared. The island of Keros was one of the major sites of Cycladic culture and has given its name to Early Cycladic II period of Cycladic culture, known as Keros-Syros culture. The islands continued to be populated thereafter. On the islands, mainly Schoinoussa and Irakleia there are ruins from classical antiquity and the Roman period. In medieval and modern times the islands suffered from piracy. Therefore, sometimes the islands were depopulated and were colonised again by shepherds from Amorgos. Since the 11th century most of the islands of the Lesser Cyclades were given as property to the Hozoviotissa Monastery in Amorgos. The monastery even today retains large areas in the islands as ts property. The islands today have been developed as popular tourist destination. They are famous for their serene and tranquil life.</p><br>
<h2>Main islands</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Franklin Smallwood House is a stone house located near Lehigh, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>It was the home of Choctaw leader Benjamin Franklin Smallwood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin Smallwood was an important leader of the Choctaw. He was representative to the Choctaw nation from 1847 to 1887. As a representative, he held the office of speaker for many years and was the leader of the National Party. He was elected Principal Chief of Choctaw Nation in 1888 and served for two years as chief. Because he refused to meet with United States government officials unless they came to his home, his home was where important meetings of Choctaw legislators, religious leaders, and members of the United States Congress were held. The house was originally part of a 500-acre farm that included four mineral springs. In 1982, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is the last surviving structure associated with Smallwood.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story sandstone building measuring 50 by. The roof is gone; it was originally a gabled roof. The building has sixteen windows; those on the second floor measure 5 by 3 feet, and those on the first floor are 3 feet square. At the time of the national register application in 1982, the walls were intact except for a cave-in on the south side above a second-story window. On the north wall, there is a chimney and fireplace. The house has a stone porch, which has been forced away from the rest of the house by tree roots.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at off Cressbrook-Caboombah Road, Cressbrook, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1841 to 1914. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cressbrook Homestead was constructed as the head station of the Cressbrook Run which was taken up by the McConnel family in 1841.</p><br>
<p>David Cannon McConnel arrived in Sydney from Britain in February 1840 where he purchased sheep and started searching for a suitable pastoral lease. His search took him northward to the Moreton Bay region recently opened for selection after the closure of the penal colony. After this event, many eager British immigrants, including the Leslie Brothers, Wickham, the Bigge Brothers and John Balfour were selecting land in the Moreton Bay area. McConnel pressed northward past the rich Darling Downs into the Brisbane River Valley which became the next centre of pastoral development after land on the Darling Downs was fully selected. The Brisbane River Valley was explored by both Cunningham and Patrick Logan in the late 1820s and many squatters took up land in the early 1840s.</p><br>
<p>On 15 July 1841 David McConnel took up 240 square miles of land in the Valley, with the Brisbane River and a creek running through. David McConnel was the son of James McConnel who founded a machine making company in Manchester after which, in 1835, he became the owner of the long established and Cressbrook Mill in Derbyshire where lace thread was produced. It was here that the McConnels established their family home and it was to commemorate this place that David McConnel named his Australian property and the creek running through the property. Within one year, Francis and Frederic Bigge established the adjoining Mount Brisbane Station and six months after this John Balfour took up land on the other side of Cressbrook for his station, Colinton.</p><br>
<p>McConnel established Cressbrook as a sheep farm but found the land more suitable for Shorthorn cattle which were introduced by 1845. He constructed a timber slab house in 1841 but because the location was deemed unsuitable another two-roomed slab house was constructed with verandah overlooking the Brisbane River to the north. Two Bunya pine trees were planted by McConnel at the west end of this verandah. The slab hut and one of the Bunya pines survives to this day; the hut now forming the eastern wing of the principal house.</p><br>
<p>David McConnel returned to Britain in 1847 where he married Mary McLeod of Edinburgh on 25 April 1847. Mary&#39;s parents were against the pair returning to Australia and therefore the newly weds settled in Nottinghamshire, though financial difficulties at Cressbrook, which had been left in the hands of managers, necessitated their return in 1849. They returned aboard Chaseley, one of the three boats chartered by the Rev. Dr. John Dunmore Lang for the transport of Presbyterians to the new colony of Queensland. Having arrived, David and Mary McConnel settled in Brisbane, establishing the house, Toogoolawah (now known as Bulimba House).</p><br>
<p>On 1 January 1851 David McConnel&#39;s brother, John McConnel, joined in partnership with his brother and they purchased Durundur Station, previously belonging to the Archers, who moved to the Burnett region. In 1851 the McConnels owned 400 cattle and 10,000 sheep on both of the Brisbane River Valley properties.</p><br>
<p>David McConnel returned to England with his seriously ill wife in 1854 and they did not return to Cressbrook until 1862, when the partnership between David and John McConnel was dissolved with John McConnel taking exclusive rights at Durundur and David maintaining the ownership of Cressbrook. Upon David and Mary&#39;s return to Cressbrook extensive alterations were made to the slab hut, which was from an early date known as the House, to distinguish it from the Cottage which was built nearby. This addition to the House comprised the construction of a timber section, two storeyed in part and generally larger in scale than the wing to which it was abutted. A kitchen wing, another timber slab building, was added to the south of the House.</p><br>
<p>As well another residence was constructed at Cressbrook, the previously mentioned Cottage which was built further west of the House and overlooking the Brisbane River and adjacent flood plain. The Cottage was unusual as it was a timber framed building with brick nogging. Although few records exist to suggest who built this or when, the peculiarly German method of construction suggests that there may have been a German influence, and it is known that David McConnel could speak German. The building was thought to have been constructed in the 1860s and was used as a residence for various farm managers and, later, the families of McConnel children.</p><br>
<p>This construction work brought many people to the station, "splitters, sawyers, carpenters, builders, bricklayers". Along with the farmhands and managers, these additional people created a small township at Cressbrook and attempts were made by the McConnels to establish a school for the children, one of the first in the Brisbane River Valley, and a library for the men in one of the rooms of the Cottage. Weekly Presbyterian church services were held in the recently constructed addition to the House.</p><br>
<p>Mary McConnel and her daughter, also Mary, wrote memoirs about Cressbrook, describing the buildings, gardens and generally the life on the station. Younger Mary&#39;s recollection of the Cottage includes, "Through the hand-gate in front of the entrance porch (of the House) was a small paddock which divided the House from the Cottage; it had swings and a few silky oaks. The Cottage was of brick with a steep shingled roof; two or three gentlemen...were lodged under the efficient charge of a Scottish working-housekeeper". She continues on to describe living on the verandah of the House,Indoor occupation was varied and constant. One says indoor - yet it was carried out for the most part on the wide verandah, shaded from the sun by blinds. These came from Java or Japan; they were made of long strips of cane painted green and rolled up in the evening by cords on small pulleys. On the verandah peaches were stoned for jam, oranges peeled for marmalade and quinces carefully paired and cored for jelly. There was a wide table where the many kerosene lamps were washed and trimmed every morning and set ready to be carried to their respective rooms at night. There was the indispensable treadle sewing machine, and in a cool corner, in a draught, stood a filter with a tap and a tin pannikin, near it a large porous water-jar swathed in damp flannel for evaporation.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 David Cannon McConnel retired from managing Cressbrook and one of his sons, James Henry (Henry) assumed responsibility. David and Mary moved to Witton Manor at Indooroopilly on the Brisbane River, which was later moved to the Tighnabruaich house site, and is now demolished. From her new situation in Brisbane, Mary McConnel was influential in establishing one of the first children&#39;s hospitals in Australia, the Hospital for Sick Children in Brisbane, which was opened on 11 March 1878. Soon after this on 16 June 1885, David died in London where he had gone to have an operation.</p><br>
<p>A partnership had been formed previously which saw Cressbrook owned by a company formed by David and his four sons, Henry, David Rose, Eric Walter and Edward John and their sister Mary McLeod Banks (née McConnel). This company, without David, continued to run Cressbrook for many years after his death. Through the 1880s Government resumptions of land for closer settlement reduced the Cressbrook holding until it was about 4 and 3/4 square miles.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 a condensed milk factory was established on the Cressbrook run by Henry McConnel and milk for this was supplied by a dairy at Cressbrook and many other surrounding farms, carved from the Cressbrook property, of which there were about thirty by 1910. The milk factory was sold, with 3000 acres, being about four farms, to the Nestles Anglo-Swiss Company in 1906, as finances continued in an unsettled way with the dissolution of the partnership and the purchase, by Henry McConnel of the Cressbrook Homestead and some 14 000 acres surrounding the residences and outbuildings by December 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 a timber chapel, designed by renowned architect Robin Smith Dods was constructed, to the west of the principal residences and on a prominent position as one entered the property. The chapel was ecumenical, serving the religions of all creeds of the station workers and was built to commemorate the silver wedding anniversary of Henry and Madge McConnel. This was one of Dods&#39; early ecclesiastical buildings, later he designed several other timber churches and chapels including Saint Andrews Anglican Church (1912) nearby at Toogoolawah, as well as many prominent masonry buildings as the Anglican Diocesan Architect. In about 1914, after the death of Henry, his wife organised for alterations to the House also designed by Dods, integrating the disparate verandahs lining the northern face of the building, with a large open pavilion, as well as some internal work.</p><br>
<p>A detailed plan of Cressbrook in 1910 was prepared by Kenneth McConnel for a publication by him, Planning the Australian Homestead (Ure Smith, Sydney, 1947). This details all of the buildings and structures within the vicinity of the principal residences and shows this area as a small township which included numerous outbuildings and homes for workers and their families. Provision was made for bachelors quarters, married mens quarters, single mens quarters, a school house, chapel, various stores and shops along with stables, killing shed, milking baths, bull stables, hay shed, wagon shed and draft stables and cattle dip. Of these structures and buildings, many survive including two large tank stands, the draft stables, an explosives store, parts of the cattle dip, one of the bachelors quarters and one of the married men&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook continues through the twentieth century as a working pastoral station in the hands of the McConnel family.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cressbrook Homestead comprises a number of buildings, structures and garden elements which are significant. The buildings include the principal house, known as the House with outbuildings, a secondary house, known as the Cottage, a timber chapel; an early stables; an explosives store; dairy complex, various animal shelters and two small residences.</p><br>
<p>The site is accessed along a gravel driveway which leads east into the complex over a small timber bridge. The House and Cottage are located to the north of the property overlooking the Brisbane River and adjacent river flats. The chapel, to the west of the Cottage, is one of the first buildings encountered on the approach to the complex. Various outbuildings extend to the east of the House, with the dairy complex at the extreme east of the listing boundary and other buildings on the south of the approach road.</p><br>
<h3>The House</h3><br>
<p>The House comprises some of the oldest buildings at Cressbrook, including an 1840s slab wing. The buildings forming the house are arranged such that the principal sections face northward and overlook the Brisbane River, with the kitchen wing and outbuildings forming a courtyard to the rear, southern side of the complex.</p><br>
<p>Specifically, the House comprises two vertical slab wings at right angles to one another and joined by a two storeyed corner section. To the rear of this large principal building are two smaller timber buildings, which complete a courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The corner section of the principal building, joining the two slab wings is a timber framed residence, clad with horizontal chamfered boards, single storeyed with a loft in the roof space. The building is clad with a corrugated iron gabled roof, the gabled ends on the northern and southern ends of the buildings. The pitch of the roof changes from being steep over the central core to a shallower pitch over the former verandah spaces. Two brick chimneys with corbelled tops project above the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The entrance elevation of this building faces west and has a centrally located recessed entrance to which access is provided through an adjacent arbor formed by vine on a timber and mesh trellis. Extending from the entrance door recess into the arbor is a timber boarded platform. The six panelled cedar entrance door is flanked by two long narrow rectangular window openings.</p><br>
<p>On the north elevation, overlooking the Brisbane River, this section of the house is lined with a verandah at the eastern end of which, the verandah expands to form an open pavilion space with hipped roof. This pavilion serves to connect the verandahs of this section and the two slab wings of the House. The verandah awning and pavilion roof are lined with fibrous cement ceilings braced with timber cover strips and the whole is supported on rectangular planned columns which taper towards the top. Simple timber dowel balustrading links the columns. Remnants of bamboo blinds painted cream and dark green in thin vertical strips, have been uncovered in recent maintenance work.</p><br>
<p>The interior of this section of the House is largely constructed from unpainted timber boarding, mostly red cedar though some of the ceilings in the internal rooms have been painted. Internally this section of the house is arranged around a central corridor running from the entrance on the east, parallel to the verandah on the north, to another door on the verandah on the east. The hall is divided to form an entrance vestibule on its western end by square planned timber columns, with mouldings articulating the base, body and capital of the columns.</p><br>
<p>The verandah along the western side of the building was infilled and rooms have been formed along this side, with access provided to them from the entrance vestibule. These rooms retain the sloping ceiling of the early verandah. The main hallway, from the entrance area, provides access to four rooms, which have a variety of internal timber cladding; wide vertical beaded boards and wide horizontal boards. Each of these four rooms have been fitted with a red cedar fireplace.</p><br>
<p>On the southern external wall of this section of the House is a straight timber stair leading to the loft area which runs centrally above the house, terminating in a small balcony on the northern elevation. The balcony is detailed with columns and balustrading similar to that of the ground floor verandah and pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The wing extending eastward, parallel to the Brisbane River, is a timber building constructed from vertical slabs with a hipped corrugated iron roof with shallower pitch over the verandahs which run along the north and south facades. The vertical timber slabs which make up the external walls are chamfered at the ends and fitted within beaded top and bottom plates and interspersed among the slabs are vertical uprights of sawn timber.</p><br>
<p>Internally this wing is divided into three main rooms, with smaller rooms created on the infilled verandah along the southern side. Openings from this wing include French doors and sliding six-pane windows.</p><br>
<p>The wing extending southward from the main house, the kitchen wing is constructed similarly to the eastward reaching wing, but with sawn vertical slabs. The steeply pitched corrugated iron roof of this wing changes pitch to form verandah awnings. A substantial brick chimney extends from the southern end of the wing.</p><br>
<p>There are five other timber buildings in the precinct of the House. A small asymmetrical cottage clad with horizontal boards and with a gable corrugated iron roof is situated forming the eastern boundary of the courtyard and has three rooms and a verandah facing the courtyard. To the east of this is a small but high one roomed single skinned and externally framed and braced building with a gabled corrugated iron roof and several unglazed window openings. Forming the southern boundary of the courtyard is another small two roomed building clad with vertical boards and with several sliding window openings. To the west of the southern wing of the House is another small timber cottage, clad with horizontal timber board.</p><br>
<p>One of the most prominent elements of the House precinct is a large Bunya Pine tree. This tree is located adjacent to the pavilion space on the verandah and is one of the oldest trees on the site.</p><br>
<h3>The Cottage</h3><br>
<p>The main section of the Cottage has a steeply pitched corrugated iron roof which becomes shallower at the line of the external walls, demarcating the verandah. To this roof a narrow corrugated iron awning is supported on slender timber brackets attached to the verandah posts on the northern elevation and on slender posts on the southern and eastern. Beneath the corrugated iron of the main roof an intact timber shingled roof survives.</p><br>
<p>The early part of the Cottage, at the eastern end of the present building, is constructed with a timber frame and brick nogging. This early structure has been lined with horizontal timber chamfered boarding, possibly when the western room was added which is timber framed and clad with similar chamfered boards. Sections of brick nogging have been left uncovered on the upper external walls.</p><br>
<p>Entrance to the cottage is through a small gabled awning on the south facing elevation which is supported on columns and identifies the place of entrance through the verandah. This small awning is emphasised by the placement of two substantial face brick chimney shafts projecting from the roof on this southern side symmetrically arranged on either side of the entrance, at the line on the roof where the pitch changes to accommodate the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The buildings at the western end of the Cottage are timber framed and clad with horizontal timber boards. Between these additions and the Cottage is an open concreted floor shelter space which is joined to the verandahs. An open extension used as a shelter for cars extends from the south of the Cottage, and consists of a corrugated iron gabled roof supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<p>As with the buildings forming the House precinct, the Cottage generally has sliding six paned window openings and French doors opening onto verandahs. From the entrance vestibule access is given to the infilled verandah flanking this area, and, to the north, access is provided to two of the principal three rooms of the house. One of these rooms, located centrally within the house has a large bay window opening onto the northern facing verandah. This extends with a rectangular plan into the verandah and houses four full length vertical sash windows which are framed in a timber structure of about 2500mm high and features shallow timber pilasters and the structure is surmounted by an entablature.</p><br>
<p>Internally the older sections of the Cottage have lath and plaster walls and ceilings, timber floors, and some original joinery. The upper parts of the walls taper in towards the room as they reach the ceiling. Chimney breasts are found in two of the early rooms, and towards the ceiling these taper outward. Remnants of early wall paper survive in several of the rooms, and efforts have been made by the present owners to repaper one of the rooms with a reconstructed paper.</p><br>
<p>Between the Cottage and the House is an early tennis court, which survives intact with boundary fencing, posts, surfacing and planting. Near the tennis court is a large and early set of two swings, supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<h3>The Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The timber chapel at Cressbrook is one of the first buildings seen as one enters the property, situated to the south of the Cottage. Surrounding the chapel and adjacent graveyard is a recent timber, post and rail fence.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel is a rectangular building, consisting of a nave and a small side porch on the eastern end of the south facade of the building. The building has a steeply pitched corrugated iron roof which is gabled at the eastern and western ends with overhanging eaves. The eave overhang continues to form a roof for the porch, giving the otherwise symmetrical building, an asymmetrical form as the roof overhangs much further on the southern edge than on the northern. A timber battened panel is attached to the upper section plain barge boards of the gables on the east and west facades of the building.</p><br>
<p>The timber framed church is clad with horizontal timber boards and is slightly elevated on round timber stumps, though these and the cavity beneath the building are concealed with a timber boarded "skirt", which extends to the ground from the floor level allowing only the stump caps to be seen.</p><br>
<p>The eastern facade has two centrally located windows, of slender rectangular openings fitted with leadlight windows. Tracery divides the rectangular panels into three openings, a lancet-esque opening with tre-foiled arched head and, above this, two smaller tre-foiled shapes. The openings are glazed with diamond mullioned glass. A timber sill projects from the base of the windows.</p><br>
<p>Along both the northern and southern facades of the buildings are three similar window openings. The porch, which is reached on three open tread timber steps on the southern facade comprises a gabled awning projecting from the extended roof overhang. This is supported on timber columns with a timber lintel spanning the distance between the columns, carved with "VICTORIA 1901 CHAPEL". A bell hangs within the gable of the porch.</p><br>
<p>The porch provides access to the double timber boarded door which is braced with slender iron hinged brackets. The door opening is rectangular with a segmental arched head.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the chapel is a single space, divided into seven bays by the heavy hammer beam roof trusses. The cavities created between the hammerbeam and the roof lining is infilled with a carved timber detail. Likewise, the cavity between the collar beam and the roof is infilled with timber battening, similar to that of the battening in the gables of the exterior of the church. The line of the roof truss continues on the internal wall with slender timber pilasters. The walls of the church are lined with vertical timber boards and the ceiling is lined with similar boards running parallel to the nave of the church. At the western end of the chapel is a small platform extending on which sits three pieces of furniture; a lectern, altar table and chair, all designed in keeping with the building.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Many early outbuildings and structures survive at Cressbrook including two tank stands, draft stables, an explosives store, dairy complex, cattle dip and early workers&#39; residences.</p><br>
<p>Two tank stands survive, one round stand between the House and Cottage and another, square stand near the explosives store at the eastern end of the built up area at Cressbrook. The stands comprise a large number of timber posts extending many metres upwards, forming a dense "forest" of columns. The iron tanks surmounting these structures survive, corrugated iron on the circular stand, and cast iron on the square stand.</p><br>
<p>As of June 2017 aerial photography shows that the larger tank stand appears to have been dismantled. Two support posts remain in place; the holes for the 20+ other posts are visible. The posts can be seen stored not far away. There is no obvious sign of the corrugated iron. This may be a consequence of demolition or refurbishment in process.</p><br>
<p>A large open shed comprising an expansive hipped corrugated iron roof supported on timber posts forms part of the early draft stables. This building houses an early carriage, apparently acquired by the McConnels from the Queensland Government when a present was made to the Government of some red deer which were freed near Cressbrook. On the northern side of the stables is a large recess, where the roof is cut out.</p><br>
<p>A small explosives store is situated to the east of the stables and this is a small rectangular planned building constructed of prefabricated concrete blocks, and has a hipped roof. Several small residences survive on the southern side of the approach drive, this are mainly timber framed and clad buildings some with verandahs and garages.</p><br>
<p>A dairy complex survives at the eastern end of this built up area and this comprises a number of interconnected open shed with corrugated iron roofs supported on timber posts. Holding yards abutting the dairy also survive. Sections of the cattle dip and several other outbuildings along with extensive early fencing and shelters survive on this southern side of the approach road.</p><br>
<p>Significant early plantings and gardens survive at Cressbrook.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cressbrook Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook Homestead was established by David Cannon McConnel in 1841, the first run taken in the Brisbane Valley. The run demonstrates the development of Queensland, particularly the Brisbane River Valley area in the 1840s, after it was opened to settlement with the closure of the penal colony. The property illustrates the development of pastoral practices in Queensland, particularly the development of dairying in the Brisbane River Valley.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook has many rare built elements including an early 1840s slab hut; a timber chapel with fittings designed by Robin Dods; an 1860s timber framed and brick nogged house and various other 1860s buildings. The site remains remarkably intact, though continual additions have been made very few early structures have been removed from the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The early date of Cressbrook with its many extant features suggest that a potential exists for further historical and archaeological research which may yield information which will contribute to an understanding of early Queensland station life.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an early Queensland pastoral station. The arrangement of the early buildings and their relationship to the working farm and outbuildings provides important evidence of early station life. The chapel is an important and characteristic example of the work of renowned architect, Robin S. Dods. The early station buildings are good intact examples of slab huts constructed in the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook has enormous aesthetic significance; the entire site has a picturesque quality resulting from the layering of various periods of building construction over 150 years and the siting of these buildings overlooking the Brisbane River. The chapel has significant architectural merit as a well designed example of Australian Arts and Crafts ecclesiastical architecture adapted for Queensland conditions. The quality of this building including materials, detailing, siting, composition of the external facades, fittings and furniture, is exceptional.</p><br>
<p>The chapel, one of the first ecclesiastical buildings designed by Robin Dods in Queensland displays a high degree of creative achievement, in its employment of the Arts and Craft idiom of the turn of the century, in which Dods was well versed and innovative.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Cressbrook has special associations with the Brisbane River Valley community as their first settled station and a place of employment for many hundreds of local residents and their families many of whom remain in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is associated with the prominent McConnel family who still own Cressbrook and were instrumental in the development of the Valley and the town of Esk; also with Robin Dods who designed the chapel and extensions to the House.</p><br>
<p>Rock Art in the Hail Region  is the fourth site in Saudi Arabia to be inscribed on the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites. The rock art includes two components situated in the desert of the Hail Region: the first is Om Sinman mountain at the city of Jubbah, and the second is al-Manjor and Raat at Al-Shuwaymis. Ancestors of todays Arab population left traces of their passings in petroglyphs on the rocks surface, holding 10,000 years of history.</p><br>
<p>The committee in its 39th session choose the site together with two different sites. Since this site has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, the Saudi Commission for Tourism has sought to further protect the cultural site. These efforts include increasing the buffer zone, repainting and refurnishing the petroglyphs, developing a monitoring system, and more.</p><br>
<p>The Green County Courthouse, located on Courthouse Square in Monroe, is the county courthouse serving Green County, Wisconsin. Built in 1891, it is the county&#39;s second permanent courthouse. Architect G. Stanley Marshfield designed the Richardsonian Romanesque building. The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before Green County had a permanent courthouse, it conducted government business in the American House, a Monroe hotel which the county helped pay to build. In 1844, the county&#39;s first dedicated courthouse, a two-story Greek Revival structure, opened at the site of the present building; it served the county until it needed a larger space toward the end of the 19th century. After Monroe fought off a bid by nearby Monticello to claim the county seat, the present courthouse was built in 1891; it has functioned as the seat of county government ever since.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect G. Stanley Mansfield, a courthouse architect who also planned the Clinton County Courthouse in Iowa, designed the Richardsonian Romanesque courthouse. The two-and-one-half story building is built from red brick and limestone, the typical building materials of Romanesque architecture. A 120 ft clock tower rises from the southwest corner of the building; smaller towers mark the other three corners. Limestone porches on the east and west sides cover the courthouses two main entrances. Both the entranceways and the north and south sides windows feature heavy limestone arches, a common Romanesque feature. The courthouse occupies a courthouse square which it shares with a Civil War memorial; the square is surrounded by Monroe&#39;s downtown commercial district.</p><br>
<p>Artist Franz Rohrbeck painted two paintings displayed in one of the courthouses court rooms. Rohrbeck, a German immigrant, painted murals in government buildings throughout the Midwest; one of his larger murals can be found in the Wisconsin State Capitol. The courthouses two paintings are smaller oil murals, each one 8 by and depicting a subject related to the concept of justice.</p><br>
<p>Harlin Rail Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge  over Ivory  Creek atHarlin, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Railways and built in 1910 by Queensland Railways. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008. It was destroyed in 2013 as a consequence of flooding associated with Cyclone Oswald.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge, which crossed Ivory Creek (previously Maronghi Creek) at Harlin was located 61 miles 20 chains (98.340 km) from Wulkuraka railway station. It was a half-through Pratt truss (or pony truss) bridge built between 1909 and 1910 and was the only surviving concrete and steel railway bridge on the Brisbane Valley railway line. This line was developed as a branch line from the main Brisbane-Toowoomba rail line. It was constructed from Wulkuraka near Ipswich to Lowood (1884), then extended to Esk (1886), then Toogoolawah (February 1904), Yimbun (September 1904), Linville (1910), Benarkin and Blackbutt (1911) and finally to Yarraman (1913). Originally intended that the line would eventually meet the Gympie to Nanango rail line to serve as a rail connection to Gympie and be a shorter route between the South Burnett and Brisbane, the final linking section was never constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Brisbane Valley was settled by squatters in the 1840s and the timber industry in the Brisbane Valley also dates from this period. Closer settlement began in the 1870s. The timber industry quickly developed thereafter as land was rapidly cleared by selectors and the increased population of Brisbane and Ipswich from the 1870s demanded timber for housing and fuel on a continuing basis. The first sawmills in the Brisbane Valley, established in the 1870s, were located at Rosewood, Dundas and Colinton.</p><br>
<p>Closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley had progressed sufficiently by 1877 for the country from Walloon via Esk and Nanango to be examined as a possible route for a railway to Gympie. In 1879 Queensland Premier Thomas McIlwraith approved the building of several branch lines, including one to Esk. However, the original plans for these branch lines were withdrawn from parliamentary consideration in 1880 on the recommendation of Francis Thomas Gregory, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council. In spite of this opposition, in 1881 the Queensland Parliament approved the building of the Brisbane Valley branch line from Wulkuraka to Esk. The contract for the first section was let to O&#39;Rourke and McSharry in October 1882 with Henry Charles Stanley acting as Chief Engineer. This section to Lowood, a place that scarcely existed before the railway, opened on 16 June 1884. The Brisbane Valley Branch Line was the second branch line in Queensland after the Dugandan railway line, which opened to Harrisville in 1882. Within weeks an extension of the line from Lowood to Esk was approved in August 1884 by Premier Samuel Griffith. Henry Charles Stanley remained as Chief Engineer but HA Brigg was appointed as the contractor. The second section to Esk opened on 9 August 1886 and remained the terminus for more than 17 years, becoming an important centre and livestock loading point.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley intensified. Land from Cressbrook Station was resumed and settled. In 1889 James McConnel began selling off small parcels of land from his property Cressbrook to his workers for dairying. The railway, which provided rapid and cheap transport to Brisbane, fostered the timber industry&#39;s development. Over the next 30 years sawmills were established at Lowood, Esk, Toogoolawah, Moore, Linville, Harlin, Blackbutt, Monsildale and Perseverance as well as a number of portable sawmills operating in stands of timber.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century four dairy factories operated in the Brisbane Valley and utilised the railway for transporting milk and its products. Lowood dairy factory opened in 1890. Toogoolawah dairy factory (managed by Cressbrook Dairy Company) and Colinton Dairy Factory (managed by Standard Dairy Co Ltd) opened in 1898, while the Esk dairy factory opened in 1904. Circa 1898 Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, owned by James McConnel and owner/manager Colin Munro, opened on the banks of Cressbrook Creek. The factory and seven dairy farms that supplied it were purchased by Nestlé in 1907 and remained in operation until 1930 with local dairy farmers supplying its milk.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 a parliamentary inquiry was conducted to determine the best route for a proposed rail line to Nanango. James McConnel of Cressbrook stated that an extension of the Brisbane Valley Railway Line would enable selectors to pursue dairying rather than grazing and to cultivate the land. The inquiry subsequently recommended a 45 kilometre extension of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line to Moore, which was approved in December of the same year. The first section, to the new township of Toogoolawah, which was the site of the Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, opened on 8 February 1904. On 1 September 1904 the extension to Yimbun was opened and remained the terminus until 1910.</p><br>
<p>To access the vast timber resources beyond Yimbun a further extension of the line to Blackbutt was considered. The Blackbutt Tableland was notable as a rich farming district, that the railway was expected to expand. On the ranges hoop and bunya pines were already being exploited, and with conservation it was expected that freight for the railway would be supplied for many years. At Moore there were two sawmills operating and there were two more in the Blackbutt area. Plans for the 28 miles of rail line from Yimbun to Blackbutt were approved at a Committee meeting on S.S. Lucinda on 9 January 1907. They were introduced into Parliament on 13 March 1908 and passed on 1 April 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Commissioner of Railways&#39; report on the Blackbutt extension noted that substantial bridges would be needed at five sites including over Maronghi Creek and all were to be built with timber. However, the bridges over both Maronghi and Emu Creeks were built of steel and concrete. In 1908 drawings of a standard 62 foot span were drawn up for the Harlin Rail Bridge. In the following year materials for the building of railway bridges over Maronghi Creek and Emu Creek and the Yimbun tunnel were purchased. The tender for cast iron cylinders for the steel bridges over Maronghi and Emu Creeks was won by Bundaberg Foundry with a quote of £562/18/0 in 1909. They also won the tender for the same supplies for a bridge over Neerkol Creek (Central Western railway line). Walkers, Maryborough were contracted to supply other materials for these bridges.</p><br>
<p>The type of bridge constructed over Maronghi Creek at Harlin was a half-through Pratt truss structure. This bridge type differed subtly from the more widely used through Pratt truss bridge in that its girders were not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top between the trusses on each side of the bridge. Half-through Pratt truss bridges were designed to carry a lesser load than through Pratt truss bridges.</p><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge was built by the Resident Engineer Hugh Fraser using day labour from a team of 250 men stationed at Harlin. The practice of using day labour instead of contractors began in 1901 and continued for the next quarter of a century. In 1909 there were temporary timber girders for the approach spans as the Engineer waited for supplies from Walkers. By 20 January 1910 Walkers&#39; supply of material for the bridges over Maronghi and Emu Creeks was 13½ weeks overdue. As an alternative, two 60 foot open girder spans intended for Neerkol Creek Bridge were diverted to Maronghi Creek Bridge. In May 1910 a construction train crossed this bridge for the first time on its way to Harlin railway station. The extension to Blackbutt was completed during 1911.</p><br>
<p>This section of the Brisbane Valley Rail Line was built under the 1895 Railways Guarantee Act which provided for local authorities to request construction of a railway by guaranteeing to meet any losses and the interest on capital borrowed for construction. The Railways Department was also required to share any deficit equally with the guarantors. The guarantee ended after 14 years unless a profit was made for three consecutive years, at which time it ceased. The cost to the residents in the benefited area served by the rail line including the Harlin Bridge in the financial year 1913-1914 was £3389. Of this amount the Esk Shire Council paid £2000, Crow&#39;s Nest Shire Council £194, Nanango Shire Council £490 and Treasury £705. The nett revenue of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was positive until the 1917-18 financial year after which the line experienced a period of losses until 1932 following which it again returned substantial nett revenues.</p><br>
<p>The next section of the Brisbane Valley Rail Line, to Yarraman, was approved by parliament in December 1910 and opened on 1 May 1913. The last section required to complete the loop to Gympie was approved by parliament on 30 October 1918 but was never built.</p><br>
<p>Passenger services were a feature of the Brisbane Valley Line from the commencement of the service. From 1913 a passenger service ran from Yarraman to Ipswich three days a week, taking six hours. In 1928 rail motor services commenced on the Brisbane Valley railway line and when new rail motors were introduced the Brisbane Valley line, together with the Dugandan line, was the first to use them. Although limited to 48 km/hour and averaging no more than 30–35 km/hr they were faster, more comfortable and reliable than road transport or mixed trains.</p><br>
<p>By 1920 much of the forest timber had been cut out of the Brisbane Valley and the major industry was dairying. Accordingly, in the 1920s, the railway was transporting cream to the butter factories along the Brisbane Valley line - Colinton until 1921, Toogoolawah, Esk and Lowood. Whole milk was transported to the Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Factory at Toogoolawah until its closure in 1930. However, on the Blackbutt Range timber was still being cut and transported via rail. In 1934 The Courier-Mail reported increased timber haulage from railway loading centres between Benarkin and Yarraman. The amount was more than 1,500,000 super feet per month over the prior 12 months and formed the biggest proportion of freight on the Brisbane Valley railway line. All the timber was being cut from Crown reserves as privately held land was practically cut out. Most of the timber was sent to Brisbane for milling.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s revenue from the Brisbane Valley line was greater than expenditure on the line and by 1938 revenue exceeded expenditure and interest on the capital for its construction. In the 1930s and 1940s the Brisbane Valley Line to Esk handled a large volume of passengers and goods due to the construction of Somerset Dam on the Stanley River for flood mitigation and water storage for Brisbane, Ipswich and the lower Brisbane Valley. From 1935 the Brisbane Valley Rail Line handled construction material for the site. Esk became the transhipping depot equipped with cranes for heavy loads. Goods were then transported to the dam site along 18 miles of bitumen road that the Stanley River Works Board, in conjunction with the Mains Road Commission, constructed for this purpose. Somerset dam was completed in 1959 after a period of abeyance from 1942 to 1948 due to World War II. Post-war, as road transport replaced rail for both goods and passengers, usage of the Brisbane Valley rail line declined.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 the concrete and steel bridge over Emu Creek, which was built at the same time as Harlin Rail Bridge, was washed away by flood waters and was later rebuilt in timber. After this flood pier number 6 of Harlin Rail Bridge was filled in with concrete for additional support. In 1961 piers 3, 4 and 5 were strengthened.</p><br>
<p>After flood damage in 1974 the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was threatened with permanent closure but re-opened after several months. Nevertheless, the last Yarraman rail motor ran on 6 October 1988. Afterwards a passenger service operated from Ipswich to Toogoolawah until March 1993 when the Brisbane Valley Branch Line closed. The steel track, many of the bridges, most railway signage, station platforms and goods sheds have been removed. Many of the station buildings on the Brisbane Valley Rail Line have been re-used on other lines or sold for removal. The only remaining buildings are at Yarraman, Linville and Lowood (now serving as railway museums) and Toogoolawah, Esk and Coominya. Much of the railway infrastructure from Blackbutt to Moore and from Wulkuraka to Lowood has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was severely damaged during flooding in 2013 caused by Cyclone Oswald, with most of the structure reported to have been washed away. The secretary of the Brisbane Valley Rail Trail stated at the time "I can&#39;t say whether the damage can be repaired at this time; I must say in fairness that the damage is very extensive", while following that they would "explore funding options for its restoration". A 2016 article described the bridge as having been "lost".</p><br>
<p>Following the destruction of the bridge, there are now only two large engineering structures left on the Brisbane Valley rail line. These are the steel and timber Lockyer Creek railway bridge over Lockyer Creek at Clarendon designed by Chief Engineer HC Stanley and the Yimbun Railway Tunnel. Approximately two dozen timber rail bridges are still intact, although their condition varies greatly.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge was a high-level steel and concrete bridge over Maronghi Creek, located 61 miles 20 chains (98.34 kilometres) from Wulkuraka on the former Brisbane Valley Branch Rail Line. Its total length was 275 feet (83.6 metres) and its maximum span was 60 feet (18.3 metres). The bridge had two steel 8 panel half-through Pratt trusses and was supported by two concrete abutments and six concrete piers. It had a long, earth embankment approach from the north (approximately 75 metres) and a shorter approach from the south (approximately 10 metres).</p><br>
<p>The bridge comprised (south-north): 2 x 3 x 31 foot (9.4 metre) rolled steel joists, concrete abutment, common concrete piers; 2 x 60 foot (18.3 metre) 8 panel through Pratt trusses, common concrete piers; 3 x 3 x 31 foot (9.4 metre) rolled steel joists, common concrete piers, concrete abutment.</p><br>
<p>It retained its sleepers and rail lines until its destruction.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Harlin Rail Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge, opened in 1910, is important surviving evidence of the Brisbane Valley Branch Rail Line. Establishment of Queenslands branch rail network, which began in the 1880s, was vital for the development of the colony through opening land for closer settlement and freighting produce and resources to Queenslands major towns and ports.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Valley Rail Line, when commenced in 1882, was the second of Queensland&#39;s branch lines. Over the ensuing 30 years it was extended several times to facilitate the transportation of timber, livestock and agricultural produce and was intended to become an alternative, shorter route from the South Burnett to Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to other branch lines, revenue from the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was greater than its expenses for the majority of the period from 1902 until the outbreak of World War II when reporting by the Commissioner of Railways on the profitability of individual lines ceased.</p><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge is one of only two surviving major rail bridges of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line, the other being the Lockyer Creek Railway Bridge at Clarendon.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge is a form of railway bridge that has always been uncommon and remains so. It is one of approximately seven half-through Pratt truss bridges that were built by the Queensland Department of Railways and Public Works during the first two decades of the twentieth century. The structure is intact and retains a high level of integrity. Other bridges of this type known to have been constructed include the Comet River bridge, Comet (superstructure replaced 2005); Reid River bridge, Reid River (demolished); Reids Creek bridge, Gayndah (extant); Barmundu bridge, Barmundu (modified); and Yabba Creek bridge, Imbil (intact).</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Harlin Rail Bridge is a good example of a half-through Pratt truss railway bridge designed by the Department of Railways and Public Works while William Pagan was Chief Engineer. This bridge type differed subtly from the through Pratt truss in that its girders are not high enough to allow cross bracing at the top of the truss, which is a feature of through Pratt truss bridges.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is highly intact and provides physical evidence of early twentieth century railway bridge design and construction in Queensland. The Harlin Rail Bridge illustrates the evolution in the principal characteristics of steel railway bridges around the turn of the century, especially the change to the through and half-through Pratt trusses from 1908, which increased the structural strength of rail bridges.</p><br>
<p>Yarimburgaz Cave  is a cave of significant archaeological and paleontological importance, located within Istanbul Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Yarımburgaz Cave is approximately 20 km west of the city of Istanbul, and about 1.5 km north of Lake Küçükçekmece and south of Sazlıdere Dam. It is situated in a locality known today as Altınşehir, within the neighborhood of Güvercintepe in Başakşehir district.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and formation</h2><br>
<p>The cave was formed as a result of a subterranean river eroding an ancient limestone formation. It has two entrances, one above the other. The lower entrance is at an altitude of 11.5 m AMSL, which the upper entrance is situated 7 m above. The cave is on the eastern bank of the Sazlıdere creek, which empties into Lake Küçükçekmece. The entrances face southwards overlooking Sazlıdere Valley. Whereas the lower cave has a length of 500 m, the upper is only 52 m long. After about 25 m inside, a short, sloping passage connects both caves. The lower cave is in the form of a meandering tunnel, forking into two at a distance of 240 m from the mouth. The upper cave&#39;s chamber is 15 m wide and 10 m in height.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific research</h2><br>
<p>The cave is an important fossil site which has been researched by archeologists, paleontologists, geoarchaeologists and biospeleologists. Scientific exploration of the cave began in the mid-19th century. Excavation attempts made in 1920 were followed by systematic archaeological work in the 1980s financially supported by the National Geographic Society.</p><br>
<p>In the Byzantine era, a cave-church was carved into the walls of the upper cave, and a monastery was built outside the cave mouth. Although these alterations may have resulted in the loss of prehistoric material, some artefacts remain in the cave. In the upper cave, traces of settlements were found dating back to the Upper Paleolithic subdivision of the Stone Age up until the Chalcolithic period of the Bronze Age. These traces were lying on beach sand from the last interglacial period and beneath debris from Byzantine and later times. The beach sand covers sediments with Lower Paleolithic artifacts. The upper cave was destroyed by treasure hunting and illicit diggings, which left 2 --deep pits. Unlike the prehistoric deposits found in the lower cave, the upper cave lacks any evidence of debris from that era.</p><br>
<p>The existence of paleontological and archaeological findings point towards the use of the cave as a human and an animal habitat, alternatively. The finds include bones of herbivore and carnivore mammals, marine and freshwater molluscs, microfauna as well as artifacts like potsherds, knives on flint, oldowans, choppers and hammerstones on quartzite, as well as manuports. The wide variety of prehistoric faunal specimens belong to bones of herbivore mammals such as cave bears (Ursus deningeri), horses (Equus caballus), wild boars (Sus scrofa), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), deer (Megaloceros), cattle (Bos/Bison), antilopes (Gazella), goats (Capra), and carnivores such as wolves and dogs (Canis), foxes (Vulpes), tigers (Panthera), cats (Felis) and hyenas (Crocuta). Findings of "more than 5000 fossil bones and teeth of cave and brown bears", which provide some chronological indicators, led to their extensive scientific study. Another subject of such extensive study were the fossils of several species of Middle Pleistocene bats (Chiroptera), including horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus), mouse-eared bats (Myotis), long-eared bats (Plecotus) and bent-winged bats (Miniopterus).</p><br>
<p>Some artifacts found in Yarımburgaz Cave are exhibited in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Yarımburgaz Cave was declared an archaeological-nature reserve of first grade. It is also listed as "Cultural Property under Enhanced Protection".</p><br>
<h2>Human impact</h2><br>
<p>During the last two decades, the cave suffered serious, irreversible damage caused by the external interactions of humans. Following scientific excavations inside the cave, and the related publications in the 1990s, the cave gained wide popularity. For this reason, it was brought to the attention of several picnickers, treasure hunters, illegal explorers, amateur speleologists and archaeologists due to its past use as a historic cave-church and its proximity to the city center. In order to prevent further damage, the cave was closed off with iron bar gates during the scientific excavations between 1988 and 1990. However, because of neglect by the respective authorities, the gates lost their function in later years, and the cave would inevitably become a shelter frequented by drug users and prostitutes, who littered it. Currently, the cave walls are painted and scratched with graffiti.</p><br>
<p>To establish a mushroom farm inside the cave, the cave grounds were leveled by a grader. The mouth of the cave was enlarged even to enable the grader&#39;s entry.</p><br>
<p>The cave was also used several times as a setting in filmmaking and television productions that left permanent modifications inside the cave. The cave featured in the 1971 movie Ali Baba ve Kırk Haramiler (English: "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"), based on the folk tale Ali Baba, with a role as the treasure cave that opens with the magic words "open sesame" and closes off with "close sesame", respectively. For the filming of an episode of the television series Küçük Ağa (English: "Little Agha"), historic frescos on the cave walls were scratched off and removed, and some of them were painted over with exit signs. During the filming of the science-fiction movie Yorr’un Öyküsü (English: "The Story of Yorr"), a large pool was built inside the cave, which was then detonated by explosives according to the scenario. The cave also became a setting for the television comedy series Leyla ile Mecnun produced by the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), in which fire was set to depict hell. The filming of some episodes of the television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (English: "The Magnificent Century"), a prime-time historical soap opera, inside the cave without proper permission allegedly caused damage to the cave. As such, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism filed a complaint against the producers.</p><br>
<p>A group of local politicians inspected the cave in February 2015, and reported that the cave&#39;s protection is still neglected despite its importance and status.</p><br>
<p>Yimbun Railway Tunnel is a heritage-listed tunnel at Sinnamons Lane, Harlin, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Railways and built from 1909 to 1910 by Queensland Railways. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Yimbun Railway Tunnel, located 96.19 km from Wulkuraka railway station, is a concrete-lined tunnel built between 1909 and 1910. It is the only railway tunnel on the Brisbane Valley railway line. This line was developed as a branch line from the main Brisbane-Toowoomba rail line. It was constructed from Wulkuraka near Ipswich to Lowood (1884) then extended to Esk (1886) then Toogoolawah (February 1904), Yimbun (September 1904), Linville (1910), Benarkin and Blackbutt (1911) and finally to Yarraman (1913). Originally intended that the line would eventually meet the Gympie to Nanango rail line to serve as a rail connection to Gympie and a shorter route between the South Burnett and Brisbane, the final linking section was never constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Brisbane Valley was settled by squatters in the 1840s and the timber industry in the Brisbane Valley also dates from this period. Closer settlement began in the 1870s. The timber industry quickly developed thereafter as land was rapidly cleared by selectors and the increased population of Brisbane and Ipswich from the 1870s demanded timber for housing and fuel on a continuing basis. The first sawmills in the Brisbane Valley, established in the 1870s, were located at Rosewood, Dundas and Colinton.</p><br>
<p>Closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley had progressed sufficiently by 1877 for the country from Walloon via Esk and Nanango to be examined as a possible route for a railway to Gympie. In 1879 Queensland Premier Thomas McIlwraith approved the building of several branch lines, including one to Esk. However, the original plans for these branch lines were withdrawn from parliamentary consideration in 1880 on the recommendation of FT Gregory, MLC. In spite of this opposition, in 1881 the Queensland Parliament approved the building of the Brisbane Valley branch line from Wulkuraka to Esk. The contract for the first section was let to O&#39;Rourke and McSharry in October 1882 with Henry Charles Stanley acting as Chief Engineer. This section to Lowood, a place that scarcely existed before the railway, opened on 16 June 1884. The Brisbane Valley Branch Line was the second branch line in Queensland after the Dugandan railway line, which opened to Harrisville in 1882. Within weeks an extension of the line from Lowood to Esk was approved in August 1884 by Premier Samuel Griffith. HC Stanley remained as Chief Engineer but HA Brigg was appointed as the contractor. The second section to Esk opened on 9 August 1886 and remained the terminus for more than 17 years, becoming an important centre and livestock loading point.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s closer settlement of the Brisbane Valley intensified. Land from Cressbrook Station was resumed and settled. In 1889 James McConnel began selling off small parcels of land from his property Cressbrook to his workers for dairying. The railway, which provided rapid and cheap transport to Brisbane, fostered the timber industry&#39;s development. Over the next 30 years sawmills were established at Lowood, Esk, Toogoolawah, Moore, Linville, Harlin, Blackbutt, Monsildale and Perseverance as well as a number of portable sawmills operating in stands of timber.</p><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth century four dairy factories operated in the Brisbane Valley and utilised the railway for transporting milk and its products. Lowood dairy factory opened in 1890. Toogoolawah dairy factory (managed by Cressbrook Dairy Company) and Colinton Dairy Factory (managed by Standard Dairy Co Ltd) opened in 1898, while the Esk dairy factory opened in 1904. Circa 1898 Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, owned by James McConnel and owner/manager Colin Munro, opened on the banks of Cressbrook Creek. The factory and seven dairy farms that supplied it were purchased by Nestlé in 1907 and remained in operation until 1930 with local dairy farmers supplying its milk.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 a parliamentary inquiry was conducted to determine the best route for a proposed rail line to Nanango. James McConnel of Cressbrook stated that an extension of the Brisbane Valley Railway Line would enable selectors to pursue dairying rather than grazing and to cultivate the land. The inquiry subsequently recommended a 45 km extension of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line to Moore, which was approved in December of the same year. The first section, to the new township of Toogoolawah, which was the site of the Cressbrook Condensed Milk Factory, opened on 8 February 1904. On 1 September 1904 the extension to Yimbun was opened and remained the terminus until 1910.</p><br>
<p>To access the vast timber resources beyond Yimbun a further extension of the line to Blackbutt was considered. The Blackbutt Tableland was notable as a rich farming district, that the railway was expected to expand. On the ranges hoop and bunya pines were already being exploited, and with conservation it was expected that freight for the railway would be supplied for many years. At Moore there were two sawmills operating and there were two more in the Blackbutt area. Plans for the 28 miles of rail line from Yimbun to Blackbutt were approved at a Committee meeting on SS Lucinda on 9 January 1907. They were introduced into Parliament on 13 March 1908 and passed on 1 April 1908. In early 1909 Queensland Railways purchased materials for the construction of this line.</p><br>
<p>The Yimbun Tunnel, located between Harlin and Yimbun, was designed by Resident Engineer, Hugh Fraser and built by day labourers between February 1909 and May 1910. Relative to their length, tunnels are the most costly of all forms of railway engineering and their problems include hazards such as rock falls. Material must be removed from the bore itself and disposed of. Few types of rock are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after excavation without a lining of masonry or concrete. Yimbun Tunnel was constructed as a 110-yard (100.58m), concrete-lined, straight tunnel with a 1 in 165 gradient rising towards Yarraman. Material from its bore was deposited into Banks Number 14 and 15 on either side of the tunnel&#39;s approaches.</p><br>
<p>The section of line that included the Yimbun Tunnel opened on 22 November 1910 and the extension to Blackbutt was completed during 1911. The next section of the Brisbane Valley Rail Line, to Yarraman, was approved by parliament in December 1910 and opened on 1 May 1913. The last section required to complete the loop to Gympie was approved by parliament on 30 October 1918 but was never built.</p><br>
<p>This section of the Brisbane Valley Rail Line was built under the 1895 Railways Guarantee Act which provided for local authorities to request construction of a railway by guaranteeing to meet any losses and the interest on capital borrowed for construction. The Railways Department was also required to share any deficit equally with the guarantors. The guarantee ended after 14 years unless a profit was made for three consecutive years, at which time it ceased. The cost to the residents in the benefited area served by the rail line including the Yimbun Railway Tunnel in the financial year 1913-1914 was £3389. Of this amount the Esk Shire Council paid £2000, Crow&#39;s Nest Shire Council £194, Nanango Shire Council £490 and Treasury £705. The nett revenue of the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was positive until the 1917-18. The line experienced a period of losses until 1932 after which it again returned substantial nett revenues.</p><br>
<p>Passenger services were a feature of the Brisbane Valley Line from the commencement of the service. From 1913 a passenger service ran from Yarraman to Ipswich three days a week, taking six hours. In 1928 rail motor services commenced on the Brisbane Valley railway line and when new rail motors were introduced. The Brisbane Valley line, together with the Fassifern line, was the first to use them. Although limited to 48 km/hour and averaging no more than 30–35 km/hr they were faster, smoother, more comfortable and more reliable than road transport or mixed trains.</p><br>
<p>By 1920 much of the forest timber had been cut out of the Brisbane Valley and the major industry was dairying. Accordingly, in the 1920s, the railway was transporting cream to the butter factories along the Brisbane Valley line - Colinton until 1921, Toogoolawah, Esk and Lowood. Whole milk was transported to the Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Factory at Toogoolawah until its closure in 1930. However, on the Blackbutt Range timber was still being cut and transported via rail. In 1934 The Courier-Mail reported increased timber haulage from railway loading centres between Benarkin and Yarraman. The amount was more than 1,500,000 super feet per month over the prior 12 months and formed the biggest proportion of freight on the Brisbane Valley railway line. All the timber was being cut from Crown reserves as privately held land was practically cut out. Most of the timber was sent to Brisbane for milling.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s revenue from the Brisbane Valley line was greater than expenditure on the line and by 1938 revenue exceeded expenditure and interest on the capital for its construction. In the 1930s and 1940s the Brisbane Valley Line to Esk handled a large volume of passengers and goods due to the construction of Somerset Dam on the Stanley River for flood mitigation and water storage for Brisbane, Ipswich and the lower Brisbane Valley. From 1935 the Brisbane Valley Rail Line handled construction material for the site. Esk became the transhipping depot equipped with cranes for heavy loads. Goods were then transported to the dam site along 18 miles of bitumen road that the Stanley River Works Board, in conjunction with the Mains Road Commission, constructed for this purpose. Somerset dam was completed in 1959 after a period of abeyance from 1942 to 1948 due to World War II. Post-war, as road transport replaced rail for both goods and passengers, usage of the Brisbane Valley rail line declined.</p><br>
<p>After flood damage in the 1974 the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was threatened with permanent closure but re-opened after several months. Nevertheless, the last Yarraman rail motor ran on 6 October 1988. Afterwards a passenger service operated from Ipswich to Toogoolawah until March 1993 when the Brisbane Valley Branch Line closed. The steel track, many of the bridges, most railway signage, station platforms and goods sheds have been removed. Many of the station buildings on the Brisbane Valley Rail Line have been re-used on other lines or sold for removal. The only remaining buildings are at Yarraman, Linville and Lowood (now serving as railway museums) and Toogoolawah, Esk and Coominya. Much of the railway infrastructure from Blackbutt to Moore and from Wulkuraka to Lowood has been removed.</p><br>
<p>There are now only three large engineering structures left on the Brisbane Valley rail line. These are the steel and timber Lockyer Creek railway bridge over Lockyer Creek at Clarendon designed by Chief Engineer HC Stanley; the steel and concrete Harlin Rail Bridge over Maronghi Creek at Harlin; and the Yimbun Railway Tunnel. Approximately two dozen timber rail bridges are still intact, although their condition varies greatly.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Yimbun Railway Tunnel is located between 59 mi and 59 mi from Wulkuraka station along the former Brisbane Valley Branch Line formation and is sited beneath a saddle between two knolls. Yimbun Railway Tunnel is a semi-elliptical, concrete-lined, straight tunnel that is 110 yard long and has a gradient of 1:165 against north-bound traffic. It has an earthen floor and is approximately 6 m high at its apex. Both portals feature the date "1910". The cuttings that form the approaches on the north and south sides of the tunnel extend for approximately 100 m and approximately 50 m respectively.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Yimbun Railway Tunnel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Yimbun Railway Tunnel is important surviving evidence of the Brisbane Valley Branch Rail Line. Development of Queenslands branch rail network, which began in the 1880s, was vital for the development of the colony through opening land for closer settlement and freighting produce and resources to Queenslands major towns and ports.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Valley Rail Line, when commenced in 1882, was the second of Queensland&#39;s branch lines. Over the next 30 years it was extended several times to facilitate the transport of timber, livestock and agricultural produce and was intended to become an alternative, shorter route from the South Burnett to Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to other branch lines, revenue from the Brisbane Valley Branch Line was greater than its expenses for the majority of the period from 1902 until the outbreak of World War II when reporting by the Commissioner of Railways on the profitability of individual lines ceased.</p><br>
<p>The Yimbun Railway Tunnel, constructed in 1910 on the section between Yimbun and Blackbutt, is the only tunnel constructed along the entire Brisbane Valley Branch Line and one of only three remaining intact major rail structures on the Brisbane Valley Rail Line, the others being the Lockyer Creek Railway Bridge at Clarendon and the Harlin Rail Bridge. Of the 55 railway tunnels constructed in Queensland between 1865 and 1931, only nine are recorded as located on branch lines.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Yimbun Railway Tunnel is significant as a highly intact example of a concrete-lined railway tunnel constructed for Queensland&#39;s narrow-gauge railway lines. Concrete was first used as a tunnel lining in 1880 and since then has been used for approximately two dozen railway tunnels constructed in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Delta Upsilon Fraternity House is a historic fraternity house located at the University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign in Champaign, Illinois. The house was built in 1926-27 for the university&#39;s chapter of the Delta Upsilon fraternity, which was established in 1905. In its early days, the fraternity was known for its academic success; early members included actor George Chandler and chemist Arnold Beckman. Architect Leonard Steube designed the Tudor Revival building. The house combines elements of the more formal types of Tudor Revival architecture, such as its brick gabled entrance and chimney with stone details, with less formal elements such as extensive half-timbering.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 21, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Weston Homestead is a historic house on United States Route 201 in Skowhegan, Maine. Built 1798-1800, it is a high-quality example of transitional Georgian-Federal period architecture, and is notable for its historical association with Samuel Weston, an early resident and land surveyor of the region. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Weston Homestead is set on the southwest side of a rural stretch of US 201, southeast of Skowhegan center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with an L shape, presenting facades to the northeast and southeast. The northeast-facing facade is the primary, six bays wide, with the main entrance in the third bay from the left, sheltered by a portico with Doric columns, and a minor secondary entrance sandwiched to the left of the rightmost window. The fenestration is irregularly arranged. The secondary facade is five bays wide, with a centered entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a gabled pediment. The house&#39;s interior is a well-preserved blend of Georgian and Federal period styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built between 1798 and 1800 by Samuel Weston, whose father Joseph settled Canaan (as Skowhegan was first called) in 1772. The younger Weston was a leading citizen of the area in his time, serving as a justice of the peace and as the town&#39;s first postmaster. His most important work was as a surveyor: he was hired by William Bingham and the state of Massachusetts (of which Maine was then a part) to survey more than 1,000,000 acre of land in the region, part of what is locally known as the Bingham Purchase.</p><br>
<p>The Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity House is a historic fraternity house located at the University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign in Champaign, Illinois. The house was built in 1906 for the university&#39;s Delta Pi chapter of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Architect E. G. Oldefest, a member of the chapter, designed the Tudor Revival building. The fraternity occupied the house until 1921, when the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity purchased the building. Tau Delta Phi purchased the building from Alpha Sigma Phi in 1929; they occupied the house until 1940, when it became a private dormitory unaffiliated with Greek life. The building became a fraternity house again in the 1980s when it was purchased by Chi Phi.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Hussey Plow Company Building is a historic industrial building on Dyer Street in North Berwick, Maine. Built in 1831, this small wood frame building originally housed the offices of the Hussey Plow Company, now known as the Hussey Seating Company, a major manufacturer of bleachers and outdoor seating. The building, which now houses the company museum, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hussey Plow Company Building is located at the end of Dyer Street, one of the main access roads to the Hussey Seating factory on the southeast side of North Berwick&#39;s village center. It is a simple rectangular wood frame structure, with a front facing gable roof and clapboard siding. The front facade, facing south, has a double door set in a recessed opening on its right side. Although there are no windows on the front, each of the side and rear elevations has two windows. The building was built in 1831.</p><br>
<p>The Hussey Seating Company&#39;s origins are in the development of a more efficient plow by William Hussey (1800–70) in the 1830s. His son Timothy established the T.B. Hussey Plow Company, which manufactured the metal parts for the plows in Newmarket, New Hampshire, and the wooden parts in North Berwick. Although plows were a major portion of its business throughout the 19th century, the company was by the start of the 20th century producing steel ladders and fire escapes, as well as metal parts for use in textile operations. In the 1930s the company developed wooden bleacher seat assemblies, which were refined in the 1950s to provide indoor rollout gymnasium seating that is now standard in many school facilities. This small building, originally used as an office, now houses a small museum.</p><br>
<p>The Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity House is a historic fraternity house located at the University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign in Champaign, Illinois. The house was built in 1924-25 for the universitys chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, which formed in 1903. During its early years, the fraternitys members included several prominent university athletes. Architect Ralph W. Varney designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The house&#39;s design reflects the formal Jacobethan subtype of Tudor Revival architecture, which can be seen in its extensive stone decorations on its brick exterior, such as quoins and oriels, and its steep gable roof with gabled dormers. Half-timbering, a common feature of informal Tudor Revival designs, is notably absent.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 21, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Yellow River  is a river in central Ireland, a tributary of the River Boyne.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Yellow River is called the Ownaboy/Ownaboy in the 1654 Civil Survey, an Anglicisation of abhainn buidhe, "yellow river."</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Yellow River rises in Kilcorbry, north of Croghan and flows in an easterly direction. It passes under the R400 and then turns northeast, flowing under Garr Bridge It meets several tributaries and then its last section forms part of the Meath–Offaly border and passes under Sheep Bridge south of Castlejordan. It meets the River Mongagh and then passes under Clongall Bridge and later enters the Boyne.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Yellow River is known as a brown trout fishery.</p><br>
<p>The Batesville Commercial Historic District encompasses about four city blocks of the historic downtown of Batesville, Arkansas. This areas current appearance is largely the result of development between about 1880 and the 1940s, although it includes a portion of Arkansas oldest platted Main Street, dating to 1821. When originally listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, the district included 25 historic properties on two blocks of Main Street, on either side of Central Avenue, as well as a few properties on Central. In 1990 the size of the district was more than doubled, adding two more city blocks on Main Street and 36 buildings. Most of the buildings are brick and masonry commercial structures, two stories in height, with party walls joining them at the sides.</p><br>
<p>The Batesville East Main Historic District is a residential historic district in Batesville, Arkansas. When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, ti encompassed a four-block stretch of Main Street  that was platted out in 1848, as growth of the city expanded to the northeast from its original nucleus. It was expanded in 1996 to include buildings on College Avenue between 10th and 11th Streets, which abut the original district bounds. Four houses survive that predate the American Civil War, although three of these were restyled later in the 19th century. Most of the properties were built before 1910, and are either vernacular or Colonial Revival in style. There are only a small number of Queen Anne, Shingle, and Craftsman style buildings. Two were designed by noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson, and one, the Cook-Morrow House, is separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Bradford Burial Ground is an historic cemetery at 326 Salem Street in the Bradford section of Haverhill, Massachusetts. The 1.5 acre cemetery was established in 1665, on land given by John Heseltine to the town of Bradford. The oldest readable marker in the cemetery has a date of 1689, but there are likely to be older burials. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bradford Burial Ground is located southeast of the center of Bradford village, on the north side of Salem Street, a through road connecting Bradford to Georgetown. It is directly opposite Orchard Hill Road, and adjacent to the drive to the Bradford Swim Club. The land it occupies is roughly pentagonal in shape, and is fronted by a finished stone retaining wall, with a small flight if granite steps for access. The remaining sides of the cemetery are demarcated by fieldstone walls. The terrain is generally level but sloping gently downhill to the north, and is basically grass dotted with mature trees.</p><br>
<p>Most of the graves are arranged in a generally east-facing orientation, but this is not always exact, and there is one row of graves that face north. The oldest graves are in the easternmost section. Although there are areas without any burial markers, ground-penetrating radar was used to identify at least 100 potential grave sites that lack markers. The most recent burials date to the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1665 by the early founders of Bradford, which was incorportated in 1672, and was annexed to Haverhill in the 19th century. It was the site of the towns first two colonial meeting houses (whose locations within the grounds are not known). Documented burials include four of the towns first five ministers, many of its early settlers, and war veterans from King Philip&#39;s War (1675-78 to the American Civil War (1861-65). The stone wall at the front was built as part of a Works Progress Administration project in the 1930s. The cemetery is now formally cared for by the city of Haverhill, although most of its maintenance is performed by volunteers.</p><br>
<p>Linville War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at George Street, Linville, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tom Cross and built in 1921 by his brothers Frank and Jim Cross. The Memorial was unveiled on 1 August 1922 with Mr A Smith  presiding. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Linville War Memorial is a small timber structure with a terracotta-tiled roof, prominently located in road reserve adjacent to the railway reserve, opposite the store, hotel and Progress Hall. It was designed by Linville photographer, cartoonist, artist and World War I veteran, Tom Cross, and constructed in the early 1920s by his brothers Frank and Jim, with materials donated by the community. The memorial commemorates all local volunteers who served in World War I including eight young men from Linville who did not return. The names of the fallen appear on one side of the panel and are listed in the newspaper article of the unveiling.</p><br>
<p>The Town of Linville is situated on what was earlier part of Colinton Run, taken up by the Balfour Brothers in 1841. Colinton lands were opened for selection in 1897, and closer settlement around what is now Linville intensified following the announcement in 1900 that the Brisbane Valley Branch Railway was to be extended to Moore. The line to Toogoolawah opened on 8 February 1904. Yimbun became the terminus in September 1904 and a further 45k extension was authorised on 1 April 1908, including a 300-metre climb to Linville. Colinton School was established in 1901, but was renamed Linville in 1906. The Town of Linville was surveyed privately and offered for sale, with the first land transfers occurring from April 1910. The railway line reached the town later in the year. This further cemented the dairying industry in the region allowing easier access to local dairy factories. A sawmill opened in the town in 1912.</p><br>
<p>One of the first selectors in the district was William Cross of Ipswich, who took up Portion 106V in February 1897. In 1898 some of his family moved to the new property, which they named Crossdale. Son Tom was 15 at the time. When his older brother Ben came to live on the family property in 1906, Tom decided to relocate to Ipswich to pursue his artistic interests, taking a job in a photographic studio and producing artworks in his spare time. He later moved to Sydney to study art, while continuing to work in photography.</p><br>
<p>During the Great War (1914–1918) twenty-four Linville men – some as young as 18 – volunteered for service overseas. Eight of them never returned. For the small community of Linville this was a significant loss.</p><br>
<p>Ben and Tom Cross joined the services in 1915. During the war years, Tom became well known for his cartoons and drawings depicting life aboard the troop ships, training in Egypt and scenes of the battlefields of France and Belgium. Some were reproduced as postcards, and he reportedly sold six thousand of these. Others were published in Punch magazine. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial. Tom suffered from "trench feet", a form of frostbite, which was to plague him for years after he returned home in 1919. Ben gave his life in the service of his country.</p><br>
<p>During and immediately after the Great War, local communities across Australia began working towards the erection of memorials to those who had served in the war. The impact had been significant with 60,000 men lost from a population of about four million, representing one in five men of those who served. Many were not buried in cemeteries. The construction of a local memorial was often the only tangible reminder of servicemen who lay in graves and battlefields across Europe and the Middle East, and the memorials were considered sacred.</p><br>
<p>Australian War Memorials are unique in that they generally honour all who served, not just those who died. Australians were proud that their first great national army was composed entirely of volunteers. All who served were considered worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. This evidence is not readily available from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit. Linville is one such memorial.</p><br>
<p>Tom Cross designed the Linville War Memorial, which was built by his brothers Frank, a cabinetmaker, and Jim. Frank managed the project in which all of the materials, labour and construction were donated by local people. The memorial was not completed for ANZAC Day in 1921 as a newspaper article indicates that Linville residents attended the unveiling of Toogoolawah&#39;s machine gun trophy on Sunday 24 April 1921.</p><br>
<p>In May 1921, the Linville community was allocated a war trophy. The collection of war trophies was coordinated through the Australian War Records Section and was initially carried out in accordance with the British War Office regulations. The British government assumed it would select the best trophies for the British National War Museum, but the Australian Government objected, insisting that the trophies claimed by their troops should be made available to them. In 1919 it was decided that the Australian War Museum (later the Australian War Memorial) should retain the larger trophies and the smaller ones be distributed to Australian towns according to the size and population of the town. Small towns with a population of between 300 and 3,000, such as Linville, were allocated a machine gun. Consideration was given to allocating trophies captured by units raised in a particular area. Linville was allocated a German machine gun captured in April 1918 by the 9th Battalion to which 5 local men had been attached.</p><br>
<p>The procurement of a war trophy may have expedited the process of building the Linville memorial, because the Queensland State War Trophy Committee specified that a war trophy was to be an integral part of the local memorial. The design of a memorial became contentious also, with New South Wales establishing a War Memorials Advisory Board attempting to influence the design process to stem the tide of "inartistic" memorials being erected. While Queensland did not regulate design and construction, the Queensland Institute of Architects regretted the "deplorable artistic character of many war memorials recently erected in Queensland". The design for the Linville War Memorial, prepared by local artist Tom Cross, would have adequately appeased this desire for quality public memorial design.</p><br>
<p>The memorial remains in its original location in the centre of Linville. Repair work to the memorial was commissioned by Somerset Regional Council in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Linville War Memorial is a timber structure on a stone and concrete base. It is located in the road reserve and situated parallel to the railway fence, 1.4m from the fence. It is 4m wide and 2.7m deep. The pagoda-style roof is clad in terracotta shingles and has terracotta ridge capping. The timber support posts have been set diagonally to allow for four decorative brackets on each corner. The two southern posts appear to be replacements as they are set on metal saddle brackets, whereas the northern posts are set within the curved concrete supports. These supports sit on a concrete slab which then sits on an exposed stonewall footing. Small gardens border the north and south of the footings.</p><br>
<p>The honour board is copper attached to a timber backing board with the roll of honour facing the street (east). A second plaque below this honours those who made the supreme sacrifice. On the western side facing the railway line, back to back with the honour board is a shield – "Linville&#39;s tribute to the memory of the brave". Also on the western face is another plaque describing the machine gun which is set in concrete at base of the memorial: "German machine gun captured on the Western Front by the 9th Battalion AIF 11-4-1918". The timber supports for the honour board backing board are also in poor repair and in need of remedial work. The machine gun is set in a concrete block painted to resemble sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Linville War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of periods of turmoil and loss that affected communities throughout the State. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following World War 1. The war memorial at Linville, recording the names of the 24 local men who served during the war, one-third of whom did not return, illustrates the impact of this war on one small Queensland rural community, and is indicative of a pattern that occurred throughout the State.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The monument manifests a unique and enduring documentary record of the involvement of the Linville community in an international event.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s history, being designed by local returned serviceman Tom Cross. The design of the Linville War Memorial is uncommon in Queensland, and being designed by a returned serviceman for his local community was equally uncommon. War memorials of this era were more likely to be the work of a commissioned architect or stonemason.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Linville War Memorial demonstrates the principal characteristics of a World War I memorial: the inclusion of a memorial plaque to local residents who served in World War 1; the integration of the machine gun war trophy into the design; and the prominent location.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial in its setting is of aesthetic significance for its quality of design, workmanship and use of materials.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Linville War Memorial has a strong association with the local community as evidence of a major historic event and a focal point for the remembrance of that event.</p><br>
<p>Monsildale Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at 2532 Monsildale Road, Monsildale, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Monsildale Homestead is a grazing property distinguished by a large timber residence which stands in a picturesque setting on a knoll to the east of Monsildale Road, within a loop of Monsildale Creek. The core section of the main residence was built between 1871 and 1877 on land selected by cattle grazier James Steven during the second phase of the settlement of the Brisbane River Valley, and an extension to the south was added by the Horne family, probably during the 1910s. The property was owned by members of the Horne and Woodrow families between c.1912 and 1978, and although the original cattle station has been subdivided and deer are now farmed close to the main residence, the property still runs cattle. A slab timber combined barn and shed still stands to the southeast of the main residence, and east of the barn is a derelict two-room timber single-mens barrack. At some distance to the south of the main residence is a former quarters for Aboriginal workers, which was later used as a piggery. These structures are characteristic elements of a graziers homestead complex.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane River&#39;s watershed, of which Monsildale Creek is a part, was one of the earliest areas of Queensland to be settled outside of the Moreton Bay penal settlement. Pastoralists first drove their sheep onto the Darling Downs from New South Wales in 1840, and squatters moved into the Brisbane River Valley the following year. David Cannon McConnel formally established Cressbrook Station in July 1841, and was the first squatter to settle with his stock east of the Great Dividing Range in the future colony of Queensland. He was followed in late 1841 by John Balfour (Colinton Station), the Mackenzie brothers (Kilcoy Station), the Archer brothers (Durundur Station), and the Bigge brothers (Mount Brisbane Station). Pastoralists in the Brisbane River Valley soon switched from sheep to cattle, as sheep were not well suited to the local climate.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 the northern boundary of Colinton Station was described in the New South Wales Government Gazette as running from a marked tree beyond Mount Stanley to a point on the range at the head of Mackenzies Sheep Station Creek, and thus the site of the Monsildale property may have fallen within the boundary of Colinton Station. It is also reported that at one stage David OConnel from Cressbrook station considered grazing at Monsildale, but decided against it. Monsildale was apparently named after the property of David&#39;s brother Henry in Derbyshire.</p><br>
<p>Little else is known about the history of the land around Monsildale until May 1871, when James Steven applied to select a homestead under the Crown Lands Alienation Act 1868. James Steven is not listed in the 1868 Queensland Alphabetical Post Office Directory, nor is he listed under the Squatters or Cattle Graziers sections in the 1874 or 1876 Trades Directories. However, Monsildale is listed under "Stations" in the 1878 to 1879 Trades Directory as being run by Swanson and Steven. Alexander Swanson apparently selected Portion 43, some distance to the south of Monsildale homestead, in partnership with James Steven in 1877.</p><br>
<p>Alexander was most likely one of the Swanson brothers who established Yabba Station on the Gympie side of the Jimna Range c.1852. Although it was originally stocked with sheep, Yabba was running cattle by the time it was transferred to the Queensland National Bank in 1882. Two men named Swanson and Stevens supposedly discovered the Jimna goldfield in 1860, when the latter was the head stockman at Yabba. This goldfield was gazetted in 1868, and attracted 1500 men at its peak, although by 1871 the population had dropped to 300. It is possible that James Steven was actually the head stockman at Yabba Station in 1860, and it is also interesting to speculate whether or not he made his fortune on the Jimna gold field, given the amount of money later spent on his homestead at Monsildale.</p><br>
<p>The land Steven wanted for his homestead was surveyed by R. Atkinson as Portion 1, Parish of Mount Stanley (later parish of Monsildale), in the County of Canning. In February 1872 it consisted of 22 acres of Agricultural land and 116 acres of 1st Class Pastoral land (138 acres). During the 1870s Steven selected thousands of acres in the vicinity, including adjacent portions 2, 3, 11 12, 27 and 44, along with Portion 4 to the south, plus other portions. Donald Steven selected Portion 7 opposite Portion 1. Subdivision of the large pastoral runs to the south of Monsildale also began during the 1870s, and in 1876 the first selections at Hazeldean were excised from the Kilcoy Run. In 1877 closer settlement commenced at Villeneuve with the resumptions out of Durundur holdings.</p><br>
<p>In March 1875, in a letter to the Commissioner for Crown Lands for West Moreton, Steven requested that his homestead selection be transferred to a conditional purchase, as "it is most likely that other arrangements may soon interfere with my personal residence on the land". In April 1876 a letter to the Commissioner from Steven stated that, as he had spent so much money on one selection at Monsildale (Portion 1), it could be argued that he had met the requirements of the 1868 Act for improving his surrounding selections. His selections were inspected in April 1877, and a report on his fulfilment of the selection conditions regarding Portion 1 was issued in July 1877. In this report Steven&#39;s occupation was listed as "Grazier". Steven applied to purchase in November 1877, and a Deed of Grant was issued in February 1878.</p><br>
<p>Stevens selections were in an isolated valley, and his homestead needed to be self-contained. A list of Stevens improvements to Portion 1, as inspected in April 1877, included the following: a chamferboard house with shingle roof and verandah all round, containing seven rooms and a hall. Lined and ceiled with cedar, with two brick chimneys and spouted all round, it was valued at £800. There was also a 9000-gallon underground brick and cemented tank and pump valued at £60; and a slab and shingle kitchen containing five rooms, with verandahs front and back, built on piles and enclosed underneath, valued at £100. A slab and shingle store, meat-house, and bathroom with verandah were worth £80; and a second slab and shingle kitchen of two rooms and a verandah was valued at £30. Other outbuildings included a fowl house and piggery (£15); a blacksmiths shop (£20); and a stable with three stalls, two loose boxes, a buggy house, a harness room, a corn loft, spouting all around and a large tank (£150). In addition there were two mens huts, one of three rooms (£25) and one of two rooms (£20). Along with various fences and gates, there was also a 1.5 acre fenced garden which included fruit trees.</p><br>
<p>Yards included a horse yard, and a milking yard around a calf pen and milking bails. A stockyard enclosed 10 small yards, and included a branding lane, speying bails, a killing yard and gallows. A herding yard was attached. A map of Portion 1 in 1877 shows stockyards near the location of the current stockyards. The existing cattle dip within these yards has the dates 1903 and 1905 carved into posts and rails at the north end of the dip pit.</p><br>
<p>The history of the homestead selection from this time on can be gleaned from the land titles. Although existing titles for Portion 1 only go back as far as 1926, the ownership of neighbouring portions 2 and 12, just outside the loop of Monsildale Creek, gives a fair indication of events at Monsildale prior to 1926. Steven applied to lease Portion 2 before survey in May 1871 and again in November 1871 (as selection 2024). It was leased from January 1872, and a Deed of Grant for its 321 acres was issued to Steven in February 1878. Steven also applied to lease Portion 12 (selection 2841) before survey in July 1873, and a Deed of Grant for its 1216 acres was issued in March 1878.</p><br>
<p>Most of portions 2 and 12 were combined and subdivided in 1880 to form two new holdings. One (964 acres) was located to the north of a road leading east from Monsildale Road, and another (419 acres) was located to the south of this road. In 1882 new joint titles for these holdings were issued to James Steven and Alexander Swanson. In March 1893 both holdings were transferred to the British and Australasian Trust and Loan Company Limited. Information on the history of the district published by the Kilcoy District Historical Society notes that Thomas E. Robertson was at Monsildale in 1895, and that he was listed as property manager from 1904-1908. He was probably employed by the British and Australasian Trust and Loan Company Limited.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the above holdings were obtained by James Horne, and the titles were transferred to Hornes Limited in 1921. James Horne was born in Newchapel, England in 1861, and he married Elizabeth Maddicks in 1888. Prior to moving to Monsildale the Hornes owned the property Fairlymeade, near Woodford. James Horne also served a term on the Kilcoy Shire Council from 1918. It has been claimed that Horne purchased the Monsildale property in 1908, but this could be confirmed from the titles examined. Portion 1 could have been purchased in 1908, but as pointed out above, the surrounding land was not purchased by Horne until 1912. James Horne is first listed at "Monsildale" in the 1911-1912 Trades Directory of the Queensland Post Office Directory, under the Pastoral and Agricultural section. At this time he had 33 horses and 502 cattle. Horne family photographs in 1913 and 1914 show quite a large family, and the main residence was probably extended to the south soon after Horne purchased the property.</p><br>
<p>Local knowledge claims that the hut to the south of the homestead at Monsildale (visible in a photograph taken from the south before the homestead was extended) was used as Aboriginal quarters, and there were Aboriginal workers in the area. A photograph taken on Yabba station prior to World War I shows two Aboriginal workers in European dress. Due to shortages of European labour in the nineteenth century, station owners turned to Aboriginal workers, who adapted well to work in the pastoral industry whilst - initially - maintaining aspects of their traditional lifestyle, with the families of workers camping on the stations. By the mid 1880s well over half of the employees on cattle stations in North Queensland were Aboriginal. Later, after a collapse in the Queensland export beef trade in the 1920s led to the removal of non-working dependants from stations and seasonal employment of Aboriginal workers, Aboriginal labour was usually drawn from fringe camps near towns, or from Missions. European and Aboriginal workers were quartered and fed separately, and Aboriginal camps were usually located some distance from the homestead. Aboriginals who were in regular employment and who did not have a strong tie with local Aboriginals might be housed in a station hut.</p><br>
<p>Although cattle-grazing was the main activity at Monsildale, the areas timber was also a source of local economic activity. At various times between 1912 and 1961 sawmills operated on a flat part of Portion 2, just over the creek to the north of the homestead, on land rented from Horne. A small township developed on the site, between the Monsildale Road and Monsildale Creek to the west, including a store, butchers shop and a school. When Gladys and Vera Horne attended Monsildale School in 1913, their father was listed as a "Squatter".</p><br>
<p>By 1920 Graham and Vera Horne (née Hunter), and Harry and Grace Woodrow (née Horne) were running Monsildale Station, as James Horne had retired. Harry Woodrow, born in 1885, had married Grace Horne (born 1898) in 1917. Harry worked in the Gympie gold mines between 1901 and 1911 before becoming the first cadet taken on by the Queensland Forestry Department. He then acted as a Forest Ranger in the Little Yabba area near Jimna before working at Monsildale and meeting Grace. After they married, the couple lived at Blackbutt, and then Nanango.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 Grace bought her sisters out of their land in the southern portion of Monsildale, and cleared it of timber. At this time Harry joined Hancock and Gore at Monsildale as their scrub boss, retiring from the Forestry Department. Harry and Grace had a large house of their own, across the road and to the north of the homestead, where they lived for four years. The stumps of this house are still visible. Harry helped to locate and inspect Hancock and Gore&#39;s new mill site at Foxlowe, along with Gympie Land Ranger George Carter and Boy MacDonald of Yabba station. Harry was also a Kilcoy Shire Councillor between 1933 and 1946, and was one of the first three trustees of the Jimna Hall, which was built in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The Horne family continued to operate Monsildale as a large cattle property. In the 1923-1924 Trades Directory, Hornes Limited is listed at Monsildale (under the Nanango District) with 1231 cattle, and when Horne&#39;s Limited Monsildale Estate was auctioned on 16 May 1924, it consisted of 9000 acres of freehold grazing land (stretching from Portion 24 in the south to Portion 44 in the north) which had been subdivided into 17 farms. About 1000 cattle and 50 horses were also for sale. At the auction Harry and Grace Woodrow purchased a lot of the land, including the land of former Portion 1. In June 1924 Queensland Trustees Limited was appointed liquidator to wind up Hornes Limited, and the Deed of Grant for Portion 1 was surrendered to the Crown on November 1925, before being re-issued to Queensland Trustees in October 1926. However, the title was then altered to read "Hornes Limited, its Successors". The same sequence of events occurred for the two holdings outside the loop of Monsildale Creek.</p><br>
<p>Harry and Grace moved into the homesteads main residence after they purchased the former Portion 1. George Atthow bought a block of the Monsildale Estate, and Alf Stanton also purchased two blocks, one of which contained Woodrows old house, which was removed in 1942. These three blocks were later sold to Harry Runge.</p><br>
<p>In November 1935 that part of the former Portion 1 located east of the Monsildale road (a total of 112 acres and 20.6 perches), was transferred from Horne&#39;s Limited to Harry Woodrow. Harry died in 1956, and the land passed to Grace in 1959. The land was transferred to Grace, James and Robert Woodrow in 1966, and finally to James Woodrow alone in 1976. This land was subdivided in 1978, and the section which contained the homestead complex and 109 acres within the loop of Monsildale Creek was sold to Peter Kurts Developments Pty Limited before being immediately on-sold to Trevor D. Hawkins in May 1978. The Hawkins used the homestead as a holiday home for children. The house, its outbuildings, and 109 acres was transferred to Dawn Evans and Ian Mac Lachlan in June 1984, and in 2007 Dawn Evans owned the main residence as part of a 611-acre farm which included parts of former portions 1, 2, 12 and 27. In 2007 the land within the loop of the creek was used to raise deer, and the rest ran beef cattle.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the homestead land, containing 3.3 acres and the stockyards and cattle dip to the north of the homestead, was transferred to Peter Kurts Development Pty Ltd in June 1978, and then immediately transferred to new owners. Grace Woodrow died in 1983, but members of the Woodrow family still farm to the north of Monsildale at "Cowah".</p><br>
<p>Changes to the main residence over time include the large 1910s extension to the south of Stevens original 1870s residence, and the 1870s section appears to have been was raised off the ground on round logs and stumps, with a new balustrade, at this time. The extensions western verandah balustrade is original, but the balustrade around the original residence has lost its top rail. An extension has also been made to the east side of the verandah around the original residence.</p><br>
<p>The main door in the centre of the north elevation of the 1870s core of the residence has been replaced with a window, and the western chimney has been removed. The central north-south hallway in the core has been incorporated into the north-western room, and the core now includes four rooms (two bedrooms, one lounge, and one study), plus a small southern hall that is open to the western verandah of the 1910s extension. There is also a boxroom on the southern end of the western verandah of the 1870s residence. The southern verandah of the 1910s extension has been enclosed by the current owner, who has also expanded a part of the kitchen to the north. A large coloured-glass window has been added between the kitchen and living room in the 1910s section of the residence.</p><br>
<p>A gate in the fence to the north of house, and its associated steps, has disappeared, as has a tennis court that used to exist to the west of the house. There is no sign of the 1870s underground brick tank, and its location is not known. The south end of the combined barn and shed to the southeast of the residence was flattened by a falling tree branch in a storm in 2007, and the roof has been reconstructed. The same storm removed the roof and verandah of a two-room single men&#39;s barrack located to the east of the garage, and the barrack was knocked off its stumps and was deposited to south. The roof of the former quarters for Aboriginal workers was also lost in the storm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>On the east side of Monsildale Road approximately 30 kilometres north- northwest of Kilcoy, Monsildale Homestead occupies undulating land within a loop of Monsildale Creek. Approaching along Monsildale Road, the view is dominated by the homesteads main house and associated outbuildings set within a backdrop of treed mountains, undulating fenced paddocks and lush river flats. The homestead complex consists of the main house, slab barn and shed, single mens barrack and former Aboriginal quarters. There are a number of striking mature trees in the house yard including jacarandas, silky oaks, pines and eucalypts. Monsildale Creek makes a wide loop around the property. A vehicle shed southeast of the barracks is not of heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The property is entered by a driveway to the west of the residence off Monsildale Road.</p><br>
<h3>Main house</h3><br>
<p>Standing on a grassed knoll, the distinctive white-painted main house consists of the early 1870s core to the north and an L-shaped extension (c.1912) to the south. Timber framed and sheltered by hipped and gabled roofs clad with red painted corrugated iron, the house stands on low timber stumps. Once entered through the main entrance door to the north and organised around a central hall, the house now functions as a series of rooms operating off verandahs which run around the west, north and east of the house. A recently enclosed verandah to the south functions as an informal entrance.</p><br>
<p>The early house comprises a living room, two bedrooms (northeast and southwest), study/library, box room and porch. A short hall links the early house with the extension. The extension consists of a bedroom, living room, office, enclosed verandah and a service wing of kitchen, bathroom, store, toilet and laundry.</p><br>
<p>A 2.4 metres (8 feet) wide verandah runs around the west, north and east of the early house, and has a dowel balustrading with the handrail sitting on the top rail and bold Y-shaped moulded brackets to the posts. Timber steps alight from the north side and west sides. An extended verandah at the northeast corner has weatherboard infill balustrading. The west and east verandahs to the south extension have dowel balustrading, with a handrail separate from the top rail and only the west verandah has the Y-shaped brackets matching those on the early verandah. There is a batten infill to the understoreys of the early house and the extension.</p><br>
<p>The earlier part of the house is timber framed, clad with 220mm chamferboards and lined with 230mm vertical beaded tongue and groove boards in the former hall, to the ceiling of the living room and parts of the porch; and narrower unbeaded boards line the other spaces. The box room, the south wall of the south bedroom and the study in the extension are clad with weatherboards. The early main entrance is infilled with timber boards and a sash window. A doorway from the hall into the east bedroom is infilled with timber boards and infilling to the south wall of the living room indicates the location of an earlier fireplace. The coved ceiling to the south bedroom is lined with beaded timber boards. The south bedroom interior walls and parts of the porch are lined with a textured fibre board over earlier timber boards. The east bedroom has a fireplace with a polished timber surround. The early part of the house is distinguished by wide elaborately moulded skirting boards. French doors (some painted, some varnished) open out onto the verandahs and sash windows have narrow glazing mullions.</p><br>
<p>The extension is of post and rail construction lined with vertical timber boards. Mortice and tenon joints are visible in the window and door framing. Painted French doors open out onto the verandahs. The arrangement of timber boards in the ceiling indicates that the large bedroom may earlier have been two rooms. A large picture window is inserted in the west wall of the living room and a coloured glass window inserted between the living room and kitchen to the east. The kitchen has been upgraded with new joinery, stove and other kitchen equipment and appliances. A narrow verandah with a balustrade infilled with horizontal weatherboards runs along the north of the wing accommodating the kitchen and service areas.</p><br>
<p>The house yard is marked by a low horizontal timber boarded fence painted white.</p><br>
<h3>Slab barn and shed</h3><br>
<p>Standing to the southeast of the main house within the house yard, the slab barn and shed is sheltered by a gable roof recently clad with new corrugated metal sheeting. The timber slabs to the east and north walls are set into bedlogs and notched to take top rails. Sheets of corrugated iron cover a window opening in the east wall and an open doorway stands to the middle of this side of the building. The north elevation has two entrances and a pair of casement windows to the northwest end. The north gable is infilled with weatherboards. The west wall of the barn and shed is clad with weatherboards and has two timber door entrances and a metal tilt-a-door. The south end of the shed is open, timber framed, partly clad with weatherboards and has a timber floor. The west and south sides of the building stand on low timber stumps. The roof throughout is framed with log beams and sawn timber rafters and battens and is supported by log posts. The floor of the slab barn is dirt to the north with a concrete slab to the middle. A small room with a raised timber floor and internal slab walls to the east and south sits within the barn to the northwest corner. A timber framed skillion extension to the southeast is clad with weatherboards and accommodates a small office and storage room. The slabs are painted with a red oxide and weatherboards are white painted.</p><br>
<h3>Single men's barrack</h3><br>
<p>East of the slab barn and shed, the roofless remains of the single men&#39;s barrack stand on temporary props, the building having been dislodged from its stumps during a violent storm. Rectangular in plan, the barrack consists of two rooms each entered by a door from the south and separated by an internal partition with a single doorway between the rooms. The building is timber framed, has a timber floor, is clad with weatherboards and unlined except for vertical timber boards around the north window in the west room. There is a window with sunhood to each short end and to each room on the north side. Salvaged roof framing and sheeting is stacked adjacent to the propped building (one piece of roof sheeting remains caught high in a nearby tree).</p><br>
<h3>Aboriginal quarters</h3><br>
<p>The former Aboriginal quarters is a timber framed building, once sheltered by a gable roof with skillion roofs extending to the north and south, that stands in a paddock some 240 metres south of the main house. The roof framing and corrugated iron roof sheeting has blown off in a violent storm and lies stacked nearby. The north wall is constructed of vertical timber slabs set into a bedlog and notched to take a top rail; a concrete half wall stands to the west, and the south and east walls are clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The building has concrete floors, upstands and drains, and metal gates and fences remaining from its use as a piggery.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>The cattle dip and yards once associated with the homestead are extensively altered and not included within the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Monsildale Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Monsildale Homestead is a product of the second phase of settlement in the Brisbane River Valley, an early and important area of cattle-raising in Queensland. Monsildale was settled in the 1870s, at a time when parts of the nearby large squatter&#39;s runs of the 1840s were being resumed for closer settlement under the Crown Lands Alienation Act 1868.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of Monsildale run reflected both the push towards closer settlement at the time, and also the conflicting need to aggregate selections to form viable cattle runs.</p><br>
<p>The land has been in continuous use for pastoral purposes since the 1870s. Although the size of the station&#39;s land holdings has varied over the years, and the property surrounding the main residence has shrunk to 611 acres, grazing still occurs on Monsildale homestead and on its former lands to the north and south.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Monsildale Homestead with its complex of structures and yards including the main residence (1870s, with 1910s extension), slab barn and shed (pre-1910s), single mens barracks, and Aboriginal workers quarters (sited at a distance from the main buildings, pre 1910s) comprises elements typical of a graziers homestead complex. The main residence in its layout and use of a range and quality of timbers and construction techniques is a good example of a substantial late 19th century graziers home expanded in the early 20th century to accommodate a large family.</p><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Kilcoy-Murgon Road, Winya, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead, a single-storeyed, substantial brick residence, was constructed c.1857, for the Hon. Louis Hope, British aristocrat and Queensland grazier, sugar plantation owner and politician. The remnants of the early brick cottage on the site, also erected for Hope, date to the mid-1860s.</p><br>
<p>The Kilcoy run had been taken up as a sheep station by brothers Evan and Colin Mackenzie, of Kilcoy, Scotland, who had started clearing the land and erecting huts by early July 1841. In October that year they secured the run officially, taking out the second pastoral licence issued for the Upper Brisbane Valley. In the New South Wales Government Gazette of 11 May 1848, Kilcoy was described as comprising over 35,000 acres (14,000 hectares), bounded on the south by Frederic and Francis Bigges Mt Brisbane Station, on the east by the Archers Durundur Station, on the west by John Balfour&#39;s Colinton run, and to the north by the mountains separating Wide Bay from the Brisbane Valley. Establishment of Kilcoy station was resisted by the indigenous population, and the run is infamous for the mass poisoning of Aborigines that occurred there in February 1842.</p><br>
<p>As on most early stations, the first Kilcoy head station, erected in mid-1841, was a simple slab hut. In 1844 this was replaced by a brick dwelling, described in February 1845 as containing five rooms - one a large sitting room 20 feet by 20 feet and four bedrooms 10 by 10 feet opening from the parlour - with a verandah in front. The kitchen, which may have been the early slab dwelling, stood about 40 yards from the rear of the new residence, and was demolished.</p><br>
<p>Hope had arrived in New South Wales in 1843, was an active participant in early Queensland economic and political life, and was instrumental in the development of the sugar industry in Queensland. In the 1850s he purchased and/or leased extensive landholdings in the Moreton region, including Kilcoy Station in 1853, Shafston House at Kangaroo Point in 1854, and land at Cleveland, 1852-55. Hopes Cleveland property, Ormiston House Estate, was being farmed by, and in the early 1860s he experimented there first with cotton, then sugar cane, establishing Queenslands first sugar plantation at Ormiston. In 1864-65, Hope erected at Ormiston a substantial brick residence, not unlike the Kilcoy homestead, but more ornate. From this time the Hope family lived principally at Ormiston House, the homestead at Kilcoy became the manager&#39;s residence, and a brick cottage was built at Kilcoy for use by Louis Hope on his frequent visits to the property.</p><br>
<p>William Butler was appointed manager of Kilcoy in 1871, commencing an association with Kilcoy that lasted over 50 years. In 1882 the Hopes returned to England, leaving Kilcoy and Ormiston, which was rented out, under Butler&#39;s supervision. At Kilcoy, Butler established excellent relationships with local Aborigines, and after his death a Kilcoy street was named after him and a monument erected in his honour.</p><br>
<p>Louis Hope died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1894, but Kilcoy Homestead remained the property of his heirs until 1908, when the house on 524 acres freehold was purchased by William Butler. Local grazier Jeremiah Kennedy of Monte Cassino, acquired the homestead in 1924. Kennedy was very involved in local government and, like previous owners, committed to horseracing. Kilcoy Homestead remains the property of the Kennedy family, but a caretaker has been in residence for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead, a single-storeyed brick residence with a hipped corrugated iron roof, is located at the end of a ridge to the north of Kilcoy, overlooking Kilcoy Creek and surrounding farmland. The building, reflecting a strong Georgian influence in its design, is approached from the southwest via a driveway along the ridge top.</p><br>
<p>The building, L-shaped in plan, is constructed of English Bond brickwork and is surrounded by verandahs with the southern side being enclosed. French doors with shutters open onto verandahs which have unlined corrugated iron skillion roofs and timber posts. The main entry is positioned centrally on the northeast, with a set of brick steps accessing the verandah to a flat arched doorway with double cedar panelled doors with fanlight and sidelights opening to the entrance hall. A matching doorway accesses the entrance hall from the enclosed rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s core is one room deep, with the northeast wing consisting of a central entry hall, a bedroom on the north, a living room on the south, store rooms at the southern end and brick lean-to store rooms at the rear. The rear wing has one large bedroom, an enclosed verandah on the south housing a kitchen and a brick lean-to at the rear housing a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the walls are plastered, the ceilings are boarded and skirtings, doors and architraves are of cedar. The entry hall has unset sandstone flagging to the floor and other principal rooms have boarded floors. The two northeast rooms have fireplaces with timber surrounds. The kitchen and bathroom are later alterations. The southern store rooms have a loft space, and a basement wine cellar which is no longer accessible. The lean-to store rooms at the rear, one being the former lamp room, have concrete floors.</p><br>
<p>The homestead grounds include mature Bunya Pines, with other plantings of native and European trees. A terraced area to the northeast of the building may be the site of an early tennis court.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a brick shed is located to the southwest of the building. This consists of two side walls, the northern one housing a fireplace, with a freestanding gable roof supported on metal posts. A former railway station building, titled WINYA and constructed of weatherboard with a corrugated iron gable roof, has been moved onto the site and is located between the homestead and the brick shed.</p><br>
<p>A dairy and stables, constructed of brick and timber with a corrugated iron gable roof, is located further to the southwest alongside the driveway.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead is significant to Queensland history because it is one of the oldest surviving homesteads in the Brisbane Valley, and in Queensland. Built for a prominent Queensland pioneer, the Hon. Louis Hope, MLC, it has a close connection with 19th-century Queensland pastoral development, and in particular with the growth of the pastoral industry in the Brisbane Valley.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead is significant because it is a rare, well-preserved, substantial, late 1850s brick homestead, illustrating a class of buildings which were rare in Queensland at the time of construction, and are even more rare now.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In its use of local hand-made bricks and timber from the property, Kilcoy Homestead is illustrative both of the constraints placed upon early Queensland pioneers in their attempts to "civilise" their bush environment, and of the means and methods adopted to overcome these constraints.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Kilcoy Homestead, a fine example of an 1850s residence reflecting a strong Georgian design influence, together with its dramatic siting and stand of mature trees, imbues a sense of landmark in the surrounding landscape. The simple detailing and interior finishes of the homestead expresses quality of design and workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Since 1922 it has been associated with the Kennedy family and their long-standing contribution to the Brisbane Valley community.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Bank of Queensland is a heritage-listed former bank at 12 Railway Street, Lowood, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1901 to 1917. It is also known as Bank of Queensland Ltd, National Bank of Australasia, and now as a dental surgery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small timber building was erected in Main Street, Lowood, between 1901 and 1917, as a branch of the Royal Bank of Queensland Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Lowood had emerged as the centre of a thriving farming district after the rail link to Ipswich was opened in mid-1884. In 1901 the Royal Bank, established in Brisbane in 1885 as a competitor to the Queensland National Bank, opened a branch at Lowood. For the first two decades of the 20th century it remained the only banking establishment in the town.</p><br>
<p>In January 1917 the Royal Bank and the Bank of North Queensland (established in Townsville in 1888) merged to form the Bank of Queensland Ltd, with the Lowood branch retained under the new name. In mid-1917 the Lowood bank building, complete with a brick and concrete strongroom which weighed close to 40 tonnes, was re-located to the present site in Railway Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the Bank of Queensland in turn merged with the National Bank of Australasia, and the building remained a branch of the National Bank until 1986. In 2015, it functions as a dental surgery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed weatherboard building fronts Railway Street in the centre of Lowood. Rectangular in plan, the building has a corrugated iron hipped roof with a shallow hip to the front verandah and a skillion to the rear office and workroom. The building sits on concrete stumps with the verandah at street level and the land sloping away to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The verandah has decorative carved timber arch brackets with corner quatrefoil design and cross-braced balustrade with a circular pattern. The ceiling is lined and a projecting vestibule has twin timber doors with a fanlight above.</p><br>
<p>The interior has tongue and groove boards to the walls, a flat boarded ceiling and partitioning has been installed to separate the surgery, reception and a toilet. The building has double-hung sash windows and a rendered masonry strongroom is built into the southeast elevation adjacent to the surgery and is used as a store.</p><br>
<p>A metal sheeted shed sitting on metal posts and a weatherboard and fibrous cement toilet block are located to the rear of the building. Metal sunshades are attached to the northwest and southeast elevations.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland at Lowood was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Royal Bank of Queensland Ltd building at Lowood is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the rural expansion of the Royal Bank of Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating some of the principal characteristics of a small, early 20th century, timber bank building in rural Queensland, retaining a substantially intact exterior and what appears to be the original masonry strongroom.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular the streetscape contribution of its decorative timber facade.</p><br>
<p>The Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House is a historic fraternity house located at the University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign in Champaign, Illinois. The house was built in 1907 for the Illinois Beta chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity; founded in 1899, it was one of the oldest fraternities at the university. Architects George and Albert Dean designed the house, which combines elements of the Prairie School and American Craftsman styles; it is the universitys only fraternity house to incorporate either style. The buildings horizontal features, limestone caps and trim, and tall piers extending above the porch roof are characteristic Prairie School elements, while its exposed rafters and gable roof are inspired by Craftsman designs.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1990.</p><br>
<p>Stonehouse is a heritage-listed former homestead and inn on the D&#39;Aguilar Highway, Moore, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1888. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stonehouse is a group of related stone buildings on the D&#39;Aguilar Highway, formerly part of the old coach road between Esk and Nanango, which were built in the 1870s and 1880s as part of a homestead and wayside inn complex.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the complex was built had been part of a pastoral run called "Colinton", which was taken up by John and Robert Balfour in 1841. The early 1840s were a period of pastoral expansion in the Moreton Bay, Darling Downs and Brisbane Valley Regions following the winding down and closure of the Moreton Bay penal colony (now Brisbane). Although the Darling Downs had been visited in 1827 by explorer Alan Cunningham, who had reported favourably on the suitability of the district for pastoralism, the presence of the fifty-mile exclusion zone around the penal colony and consequent lack of port access had discouraged early settlement. In 1840, the Leslie brothers arrived from the Clarence River district and took up Canning Downs, the first pastoral run on the Darling Downs. In 1841 the runs in the Brisbane Valley were Cressbrook, Colinton and Farney Lawn taken up under licences to occupy Crown Land beyond the limit of settlement. By 1842, when Moreton Bay was thrown open for free settlement, a cluster of huge runs had claimed most of the productive land on the Darling Downs and searches for grazing country were extending north. The area around Stonehouse was declared as pastoral district in May 1842 and the runs of Kilcoy, Taromeo, Taabinga and Burrandowan were taken up in that year.</p><br>
<p>The separation of Queensland occurred in 1859 and in the 1868 the Crown Lands Alienation Act was passed to make land available for closer settlement by drastically reducing the size of existing pastoral runs. This brought more settlers into the Brisbane Valley. In 1873 and 1874 around 30 members of the Williams family of Gloucestershire in England arrived in Queensland as immigrants. They settled in Brisbane, Ipswich and the Brisbane Valley. Robert Williams, a widower, had previously lived in Ipswich in the 1860s and in 1874 he selected two blocks of land totalling 2442 acres from the Colinton lease as a grazing property. His brother Charles with his wife Emma joined him. Charles, who was a stonemason, began work on a five-roomed stone house at the selection, which Robert had named Stonehouse after the village in Gloucestershire where he had lived. The new building was close to a two-room slab house that the family presumably lived in during construction. Building in stone was an unusual choice in this area, but a natural one for a family of stonemasons, given the ready availability of the materia on site. Because the house was built of stone, the name later became corrupted to "Stone House" or "Stone Houses".</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Edward (Ned) MacDonald started a coach and mail service between his hotel at Esk and Goode&#39;s Inn at Nanango along the old dray route. Several stops for changes of horses punctuated the trip. Stonehouse was one of these and the Williams built stables on the river flats across the road from the inn. Robert Williams applied for and gained a hotel licence for the property in 1880 as the Stonehouse Hotel, Wallaby Creek, Colinton.</p><br>
<p>The places where major routes crossed watercourses were often used as camps by drovers and carriers and were excellent locations for inns that catered to travellers. These were places where one could obtain food and accommodation for people and horses, where it was usually possible to obtain the services of a blacksmith, leave or collect mail and gain information on the condition of the road ahead. The inns were also a social amenity as a source of company and conviviality on the road. Their services made the development of regular supply routes possible, which in turn made a major contribution to the way in which areas were opened up for European settlement.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the Stonehouse license was forfeited following an incident where Robert Williams was threatened with an axe following his attempt to intervene in a drink-fuelled argument between members of group of Aborigines camped near the hotel. However, he continued to provide food and accommodation for travellers, and is mentioned in the popular 19th century ballad Brisbane Ladies as being a stop on the road.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, Emma Williams died and was buried near the creek. This grave was washed away by a flood surge in the 1940s. Robert Williams remarried and a kitchen and pantry were constructed as apprentice work by his nephew Frank Williams. Charles Williams died in 1887 as the result of an accident near "Taromeo" where he had been carrying out stonework. The last masonry work carried out at Stonehouse was in 1888 when Frank Williams completed the store and butcher&#39;s shop.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, Alex MacCallum, who thereafter ran a coach service that used the facilities at Stonehouse, gained the mail contract. It ran until 1910, at first three times a week, then from 1902, twice a week. Times were changing and in 1900 a Royal Commission was appointed to investigate the possible route for a railway in the area, taking evidence at Esk, "Cressbrook", "Colinton" and Stonehouse, which were the coach stops. "Colinton" was cut up and sold around this time, bringing in many new settlers and Stonehouse acted as a provision store and butcher&#39;s shop for them.</p><br>
<p>A small township was surveyed at Moore, named for the then owners of "Colinton", gaining a postal receiving office in 1903 and a post office in 1905. In 1910 a railway station opened at Moore.</p><br>
<p>Robert Williams had died in 1907 and was buried near Moore. A memorial made by Frank Williams, who had established a monumental masonry firm at Ipswich in 1901, marks his grave. Frank was later to construct many war memorials, including the Esk, the Gatton War Memorial, the Warwick War Memorial and the Ipswich War Memorial. Stonehouse was left in trust to a nephew, Thomas (TJC) Williams, who moved to the property with his family in 1908. A sale was then held of cattle, pigs and the post horses. At the time it was found that the buildings needed maintenance and by 1910 repairs and refurbishment had been carried out. By this time iron had already been laid over the original shingles. Between 1914 and 1918 the first house was demolished and the stables collapsed. A tennis court was erected in the vicinity of the stables.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Jane Williams became ill and the family moved to Brisbane, leasing Stonehouse to Allan Patterson who arranged for Arthur Ollenburg, a Williams family member, to manage the property. TJC Williams died in 1932 and Jane in 1933. The Stonehouse land was subdivided and sold by auction. J J Tilley purchased the land containing Stonehouse and in 1939 it was bought by Barney Grant who continued to employ Arthur Ollenburg as manager. Grant died in 1945 and in 1946 his son took over the management of Stonehouse and built a house for himself and his family.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 a plaque recognising the historical significance of Stonehouse to the area was affixed to the house, but between 1948 and 1960 the buggy shed, workshop, hayshed, poultry run, slaughterhouse and barn were demolished. In 1967 a storm removed the front verandah roof of the main building. A large crack in the wall had developed and a section of the house was then demolished. The Esk Shire Council used stone blocks from this section to construct a picnic shelter at Moore.</p><br>
<p>The house was inspected and drawn by Karl Langer for the National Trust of Queensland in 1969. Since then the buildings have continued to deteriorate and the proportion of the main building still standing has diminished. In January 2001 the property changed hands with the new owners committed to preserving Stonehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Stonehouse currently comprises three stone structures on the southern side of the highway between Moore and Nanango. They are on a spur that drops away sharply to the west to a creek and river flat. The ridge rising behind the buildings is thought to have been the source for the stone used in construction.</p><br>
<p>Closest to the highway, which was the former coach road, are the remains of the main building. These ruins comprise one single storey wing of rubble laid with a lime mortar. The timber window and doorframes remain, though the windows and door they held have gone. Sections of a pole roof frame also survive. The rest of this building has collapsed and though sections of wall can be discerned, much of the stone has been removed over time.</p><br>
<p>Directly behind to one side of this building is a detached kitchen and pantry. This building is intact. It is rectangular in plan and is also constructed of rubble. It has a verandah roof supported on timber posts along one side over an earth floor. The gabled roof is clad with corrugated iron over a frame of poles and pit-sawn beams although the battens have been renewed. The walls are higher inside than outside and are formed around the roof beams and door lintels. The end wall to the rear contains a chimney that has been repaired with brick at the top. The interior of the structure has been limewashed and has a timber floor. There is a wide fireplace and working bench for cooking at one end with a brick floor around the hearth. At the other end of the building is a room with a lean to roof and a brick floor, which is thought to have been used as a pantry.</p><br>
<p>The store and butcher&#39;s shop is of similar construction and is set further back on the site and about 25 metres away from the kitchen, which was once separated from it by an internal laneway. The store has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron with battens for shingles underneath. It comprises three rooms: a large room with a timber floor and two small rooms at the end of the building. These are connected with each other, but not with the timber floored section. The room at the rear has stone paving visible under a concrete topping. The wall at this end of the building has been clad in corrugated iron and a section at the front in recycled timber slabs.</p><br>
<p>One metre behind the store is a large modern metal shed in the position once occupied by the smithy and fowl yards. There is no visible trace of the outbuildings once located at the rear of the property.</p><br>
<p>A mid twentieth century timber building on low stumps is located at the front of the property and is the current residence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stonehouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 October 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Stonehouse is a group of stone buildings surviving from an early wayside inn and as such illustrates the pattern of European settlement in Queensland. Inns serviced early supply routes by providing food and accommodation, fresh horses and a mail exchange and greatly facilitated the spread of European settlement. In particular the Stonehouse complex illustrates the transition of the surrounding area from pastoral settlement in the early 1840s to closer settlement from the 1870s when the first structures at Stonehouse were built.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The inn complex is rare in Queensland both as a surviving example of a travellers&#39; inn and as a group of early stone buildings that utilise material found on site.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Stonehouse inn, its subsidiary structures and the area around them, which formed part of the inn yards, have the potential to reveal information about the operation of wayside inns in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Stonehouse is a good example of its kind and preserves examples of early building techniques in both stone and timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Stonehouse complex has strong aesthetic appeal as a group of well-made traditional buildings that are pleasing in form, materials and detail. The use of local stone makes them visually harmonious with the landscape and their prominent position above the highway has made them a well-liked landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Stonehouse has associations with several generations of the Williams family, who emigrated from Gloucestershire to Queensland as an extended family group in the early 1870s. It has particular associations with Charles and Frank William who constructed the building, Frank Williams later becoming a notable monumental mason.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption of Mount Tarawera occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 in the North Island, New Zealand. It is the deadliest eruption in New Zealand since the arrival of Europeans. Up to 150 people, mostly Māori, were killed, and many settlements were destroyed or buried.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after midnight on Thursday 10 June 1886, a series of increasingly violent earthquakes struck North Island, New Zealand. Beginning at 2 a.m., the three peaks of Mount Tarawera erupted, spewing molten rock, and columns of smoke and ash up to 10 km into the air. The eruption was heard as far as Blenheim. Earthquakes and lightning occurred at the same time.</p><br>
<h2>Effects</h2><br>
<p>The eruption split the mountain and created the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley, which lies at the south-western end of the 17 km rift created on June 10, 1886. The famed Pink and White Terraces, natural wonders of New Zealand, were until 2017 thought destroyed. Recent research using a forgotten 1859 survey has revealed the locations of the Pink and White Terraces.</p><br>
<p>The land was covered with millions of tonnes of volcanic ash, mud and debris on average 20 m thick.</p><br>
<p>The Māori settlements of Moura, Te Koutu, Kokotaia, Piripai, Pukekiore, Otuapane, Te Tapahoro, Te Wairoa, Totarariki, and Waingongogo were buried or destroyed. The official death toll was reported as 150, and many more were displaced, making the eruption the most deadly in New Zealand history.</p><br>
<p>Te Wairoa is now a tourist attraction called "The Buried Village". Many people survived by sheltering in Te Wairoa&#39;s stronger buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobs Houses and Store are a collection of three Federal-period historic buildings at 9-17 Elm Street in Saco, Maine. Built between 1820 and 1826, there are two similar wood-frame houses and a large brick commercial building, all associated with the Jacobs family, local businessmen. The buildings were listed as a group on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jacobs buildings line the south side of Elm Street (United States Route 1), just east of the Kennebec River and a short way north of the citys central business district. Three buildings stand on the block between Water and Storer Streets that was purchased in 1817 by Benjamin and Moses Jacob. The westernmost building is the three-story brick Jacobs Store, which has a hip roof, and granite trim, and was built in 1826 by Benjamin Jacobs. At the eastern end stands Benjamins house, which was built c. 1820. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, twin interior chimneys, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a delicate fanlight. At the center of the group stands the house of Moses Jacobs, which was probably identical to that of his brother at its construction, which was between 1820 and 1826. Its entrance was altered when the house was converted to a duplex, so it now has two doorways sharing an entablature.</p><br>
<p>The business venture of the two brothers suffered an ignominious end. Moses Jacobs died in 1827, and Benjamin soon afterward declared bankruptcy. The houses and store they built represent a well-preserved aspect of early-19th century commercial and residential architecture in the city.</p><br>
<p>The John Bettis House is a historic house on the north side of Arkansas Highway 14 in Pleasant Grove, Arkansas, a short way south of its junction with Stone County Road 32.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a 1-1/2 story wood-framed structure with American Craftsman styling. It is L-shaped in plan, with a broad clipped gable roof that has exposed rafter ends in the eaves. The porch, set in the crook of the L, is recessed under the roof, and is supported by battered columns on brick piers. A clipped-gable dormer projects from the roof above the porch. The house was built about 1929, and is the first farmhouse in the county documented to depart from vernacular architectural styles in which they were previously built.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Bonds House is a historic farmstead complex in rural southwestern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located southwest of Fox, northeast of the junction of county roads 2 and 4. The main house is a single-story dogtrot house, with two pens flanking a breezeway under the gable roof. A shed-roof porch extends across the front facade. The house is finished with horizontal planking under the porch, and weatherboard elsewhere. The breezeway has been enclosed, but the original stairs giving access to the attic space has been retained. The property includes two historic outbuildings, as well as several more modern structures, and a stretch of period road. The house was built about 1900, and is one of Stone County&#39;s best-preserved dogtrots. It was built by Joe Moody, who grew up in the area, but was owned for many years by the Bonds family.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>La Pinareja is a 2,197 m mountain in Spain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located in El Espinar municipality (Segovia Province), in the south-eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Its the highest peak of the mountain range called La Mujer Muerta. From its north face a large part of the Segovias plain can be seen, while its eastern slopes look towards Valsaín and Río Moros valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit can be accessed from Cercedilla through the mountain pass of Puerto de La Fuenfría (1796 m), from Navas de Riofrío (1267 m) or from the village of Revenga (1132 m). During summer these ways can be easily followed, but in winter abundant snow and ice can require crampons and ice axe.</p><br>
<p>Lake Küçükçekmece  is a lagoon located between the Küçükçekmece, Esenyurt and Avcılar districts of the European portion of Istanbul Province, northwestern Turkey. The lake is neighbored in the south by state road and in the north by the motorway .</p><br>
<h2>Location and characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Situated 15 km west of Istanbuls city center, the lake was formed in shallow water when a sandbank caused its separation from the Sea of Marmara. A narrow channel in the east interrupts this sandbank, and serves as an outlet emptying excessive water in the lake into the Sea of Marmara. However, in situations where the sea is rough or the lakes water level gets too low due to drought, sea water may penetrate into the lake, causing the lake water to become brackish. The lake is fed from the north by the Nakkaş, Sazlıdere and Eşkinoz streams. The lake has a length of 10 km north-south by a maximum width of 6 km. The lake&#39;s surface area is 16 km&sup2, and its maximum depth is 20 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake is significantly polluted due to rapid urbanization and industrialization activities over the last decade in the area around it. Its water is currently not compliant with safe drinking water standards.</p><br>
<p>Fauna observed in the lake basin consist of pygmy cormorant (Microcarbo pygmeus), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), and A4iii group waterbirds.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>Within the lake basin, the ancient settlement of Bathonea was unearthed, which is estimated to be approximately 1,600 years old. Such archaeological finds extracted from and around the lake shed light on Istanbul’s historical chronology.</p><br>
<p>The finds include stone tools indicating early agricultural activities, potsherds dating back to the Neolithic and Iron Age periods (8,000 – 1,000 BC), amphora fragments from the Hellenistic period (fourth century BC), remains of walls along the lake shore, column capitals, and works from the Roman period. 440 small terracotta bottles 10 - in size containing tar-like fossilized material also were discovered. Vessel anchors were found in the lake and along the lake shore. In 2011, a 14 m-wide and 7 m-deep cistern was uncovered that might span 120 m. It was built with bricks bearing signs of the Emperor Constantine and a notable cleric of the time. In 2012, two underground water tunnels were discovered and subsequently, were surveyed by speleologists. They were built partly during the Roman Period and Late Roman period. Although one water tunnel is connected to the cistern, the other leads to a fountain still in use today. There are access shafts at certain points within the water tunnel. Structures in the ancient settlement, such as a lighthouse, port, and pier point toward the past existence of a port city.</p><br>
<p>From observations of aerial views, evidence of previous roads arranged in a grid plan was detected. According to the results of excavations and examinations carried out between 2007 and 2009, Bathonea was destroyed by a large-scale earthquake, after which it was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>An anthropological forensic study of a human skull extracted from one of the 70 historic graves in Bathonea, revealed that thousands of years ago, an attempt at brain surgery was made there.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Since 2012, the municipality of Küçükçekmece holds "Uniçek", an annual water sports festival for university students. Some of the events featured in the 2015 festival were rowing, modern dragon boat racing and stillwater canoe sprint, in which around 800 sportspeople from 18 different universities, 7 canoe clubs and 40 corporations competed. In addition, shows of wakeboarding, waterskiing, jet-skiing and paramotoring were held as well.</p><br>
<p>Since 1999, Galatasaray&#39;s rowing division is based in Kanarya neighborhood at Lake Küçükçekmece with its 120 racing boats.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Fire Tower is a heritage-listed former fire lookout tower at Jimna State Forest, Murgon-Kilcoy Road, Jimna, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Arthur Leis and built from to 1977 by Arthur Leis. It is also known as SEQ-4C 8. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1977 by Arthur Leis, this timber fire tower is located one kilometre west of the township of Jimna, at the top of the Jimna Range. Supported by three ironbark poles or "legs", the Jimna fire tower is the tallest fire tower in Queensland with a tower height of 47 metres (pole length is 44 metres).</p><br>
<p>The township of Jimna (formerly Foxlowe) was established in 1922, following the relocation from Monsildale of the sawmill operated by the firm of Hancock and Gore. Hancock and Gore had commenced sawmilling operations at Monsildale in 1912. The entire township was moved, including sawmill, houses, shop, store and school.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1935 a Forest Ranger looked after Forestry interests in the Jimna area. A nursery was subsequently established on the site of the present administration building and scrub clearing for the establishment of hoop pine plantations commenced in 1938, approximately 18 years after the commercial hoop pine plantations were established in Queensland, in the Mary Valley.</p><br>
<p>Consideration had been given to the need for effective fire protection as early as 1911, when discussed at an Interstate Conference on Forestry held in Sydney that year. Various methods of fire control appear to have been applied in subsequent years, including firelines and firebreaks of fire including in hoop pine forests, and in new plantations. Such outbreaks were serious as hoop pine is particularly vulnerable to fire.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland, construction of towers for fire detection commenced during the mid-1930s as part of a fire protection system which also included firebreaks. Fire towers continued to be erected as plantations were established through the 1940s and the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The area of softwood plantations increased considerably during the 1960s and the 1970s. During this period there was also a program of construction of fire towers to serve new plantation areas and 16 towers were constructed. Nearly all these new towers were over 30 metres high, indicating the need to have towers taller than the surrounding plantations. By the mid-1960s some of the plantations would have been approximately 40 to 45 years old and in some areas had no doubt "outgrown" the original fire tower. Fire towers were also used in conjunction with each other to pinpoint fires by taking crossbearings between towers.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Leis commenced working for the Department of Forestry in 1957. Until his retirement in 1991, Leis was responsible for the erection of over 20 fire towers in Queensland. Leis designed the towers himself, cutting all the timber on site, and usually erecting each tower with the help of an off-sider and a block and tackle. Initially Leis&#39; towers followed conventional design, supported by four timber legs. In 1967 Leis completed the first three-legged timber fire tower to be erected in Queensland, at Mount Binga in the Yarraman Forestry District. It is generally understood that Leis was responsible for the innovative new design. In 1968 the Department reported on "the wisdom of converting to this type of structure. Costs per foot at $66 was about 25 per cent down on the 4-legged design, formerly adopted, and the structure is very stable and firm". Leis constructed his last fire tower in 1986-87; a three-legged wooden tower at Mount Wolvi, south-east of Gympie. At the opening ceremony for the Mount Wolvi tower, the Hon. Bill Glasson, Minister for Lands, Forestry, Mapping and Surveying, presented Leis with a model of the new tower "in commemoration of the many wooden fire towers he constructed over the past 30 years".</p><br>
<p>In 1975-76 construction commenced on a new fire tower at Jimna which "would be the tallest built to date", with a designed height of approximately 50 metres. Replacing an earlier tower, the new Jimna fire tower was erected by Leis and his son. Two ironbark logs were spliced together to make each of the three legs. To erect the tower the first leg was winched into position and the remaining two legs were hauled upright, bracing and stairs were attached, and finally the cabin constructed on top. The new tower was intended to work "in conjunction with existing towers in the Jimna and Gallangowan areas, improve the detection of wildfire&#39;s likely to affect the extensive Hoop Pine plantations and native forests in the district".</p><br>
<p>The Jimna fire tower was opened in October 1977 by the Hon. Ken Tomkins, Minister for Lands, Forestry, National Parks and Wildlife. A picnic area has been established surrounding the base of the fire tower.</p><br>
<p>The Jimna fire tower thresholded for National Estate social value at the Maryborough, Crows Nest and Nambour (non-Indigenous) community workshops conducted as part of the Comprehensive Regional Assessment for the South East Queensland biogeographic region Regional Forest Agreement.</p><br>
<p>The tower was popular with tourists, with claims of up to 30,000 per year. However, the deteriorating condition of the tower resulted in its closure to tourists in 2006 and it was proposed to delist it from the Queensland Heritage Register. Although funding was spent on restoring the tower, in 2014 it was still judged unsafe for public access. However (in 2015) it remains listed on the Queensland Heritage register.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jimna fire tower is located approximately one kilometre west of Jimna, on the southern side of the Kilcoy-Murgon Road. The Jimna fire tower is 47 metres high (pole length is 44 metres).</p><br>
<p>The tower comprises three ironbark poles in a triangular plan, which taper inwards from the base of the tower to the top of the tower. Each pole consists of two logs spliced together approximately halfway up the height of the tower, and is set into a concrete footing at the base of the tower. Poles are braced and cross-braced.</p><br>
<p>The poles support a hexagonal cabin at the top of the tower, accessed by a timber staircase which wraps around the outside of the tower. The staircase includes a series of small platforms.</p><br>
<p>A picnic area surrounding the base of the tower includes a car park. The toilet block has been decommissioned and the nearest public toilets are adjacent to the Jimna Hall, corner of Bellbird Road and School Road, Jimna.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Jimna Fire Tower was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As the tallest tower in Queensland, and constructed using three poles, the Jimna fire tower is a fine example of a three-legged timber fire tower.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Jimna fire tower is valued by the community as the tallest fire tower in Queensland, for the views available from the top of the fire tower, and for its construction by a father and son team.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Jimna fire tower is important for its association with Arthur Leis, who was influential in the design and construction of fire towers in Queensland from the 1960s to the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Single Mens Barracks is a heritage-listed workers housing at 4 Tip Road, Jimna, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jimna Single Mens Barracks in Tip Road constructed at Jimna, 40 kilometres north of Kilcoy, demonstrate the development of the timber industry in southern Queensland. The Jimna Single Mens Barracks is a remnant of the accommodation for workers in this privately operated timber town. The barracks provided accommodation in a remote location for timber workers and demonstrates the principal characteristics of workers&#39; accommodation. It has a strong association with the Hancock and Gore Ltd, a major Queensland timber firm, which operated the timber town of Jimna from 1922 for approximately 50 years while milling timber obtained from native forest, then forestry plantations, around Jimna.</p><br>
<p>By the turn of the 20th century the most desirable timbers in the easily accessible coastal areas of southeast Queensland were heavily depleted and the main focus of activity was moving inland. The opening of the Kilcoy railway line between Caboolture and Woodford in 1909, which was extended to Kilcoy in 1913, stimulated more timber-getting and sawmilling along its route and in forested areas within travelling distance of the railhead.</p><br>
<p>The siting of Jimna conformed to a number of criteria for establishment of sawmilling townships. Jimna is situated on the Jimna Range approximately 1690 feet (515.11 metres) above sea level on the western side of Yabba Creek about 40 kilometres from Kilcoy. Proximity to the Kilcoy branch line made timber-felling and sawmilling there viable. According to E.S. Hancock of Hancock and Gore Ltd. bush sawmills were set up because royalties for the timber were assessed on the basis of the cost of extraction of logs to the nearest railway siding plus freight to the market, which was either a provincial city or Brisbane. When the logs were converted to timber in the country there was a saving in freight because, in the case of pine, there was a loss of approximately 25 per cent in sawdust and edging, and in hardwood a 50 per cent loss. Consequently, the saving in freight costs to market by railway, although not equivalent to the sawdust reduction was attractive. Furthermore, sawmill settlements were placed close to well-timbered forests on a site with a good water supply.</p><br>
<p>Hancock and Gore Ltd evolved from the firm Hancock Brothers Ltd sawmillers and timber merchants, established at North Ipswich in 1872 by Thomas Hancock. Born in Cornwall in 1816, Hancock came to Queensland via Sydney with his three sons and one daughter. He started a steam sawmill at the Rosewood Scrub and later opened a timber yard in North Ipswich and a small mill in Canning Street, Ipswich. When Thomas Hancock retired in 1884 the firm was taken over by his sons, Josiah and Thomas, jnr. The firm of Hancock and Gore was established in 1898 and converted to a limited liability company in 1904. Under the managing directorship of Josias Henry Hancock, grandson of the founder, the company expanded rapidly. It built mills at 13 rural centres in Queensland, five locations in Brisbane and at Rosebery and Lismore in New South Wales. In 1911 the firm moved to its Ipswich Road, Brisbane headquarters. In this period, sawmilling commenced at Monsildale in the Upper Brisbane Valley where in 1912 Hancock and Gore Ltd built a new mill on land rented from James Horne. The companys business interests expanded to include a case mill in Ipswich Road, Brisbane, a ply mill and a hot press for plywood manufacture in the 1930s. The company became Australias largest producer of plywood by 1945. Hancock and Gore continued to grow and expand to include the businesses: Brown & Broad, the Timber Corporation Ltd, The Rosebery Sawmilling Co, Cypress Timbers Ltd, Burts Transport Ltd, and Hancock and Gore Homes Ltd; forming the largest timber organisation in Queensland. In 1981 the company was taken over by Takone Pty Limited.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1922, Jimna resulted from the relocation from Monsildale (seven miles away) of the sawmill, 16 houses, shop, store and provisional school. In 1922 the Jimna area was called Foxlowe the name purportedly given by George Byrne who had selected land along Yabba Creek in 1878. It was renamed Jimna by the GPO Department when naming the post office of the township between 1924 and June 1926. The removal and relocation of buildings from Monsildale occurred over a period of a few months. The first residents arrived to occupy the houses in August 1922. By November the mill was in working order and commenced cutting timber to be used for the construction of new houses and repairs to the old ones brought from Monsildale. In the same month, the store and butcher&#39;s shop were removed from Monsildale to Foxlowe and opened for business immediately.</p><br>
<p>Growth of Jimna township ensued over the next few decades. The population in 1924 was about 150 including 65 children, of whom 35 attended the provisional school. This school was replaced by a state school in 1934. Jimna expanded to a population of over 300 after re-forestation around Jimna commenced in the 1930s. Its population was at its highest when both pine and hardwood mills operated at Jimna, after 1943. The settlement had its own tennis and cricket club and a local hall was the venue for dances and religious services. The township was self-contained with Hancock and Gore supplying meat from their own fattening paddocks and slaughter yards.</p><br>
<p>The entire Jimna operation including timber cutters was controlled by Hancock and Gore Ltd. Once re-erected in 1922, the mill at Jimna was enlarged and in 1924 it was capable of turning out 80,000 super feet of sawn pine weekly. Initially the mill cut only hoop pine using steam-driven saws. In 1933 the Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland reported that Jimna Mill milled approximately 23,000 feet of logs into wide boards and building timbers each day while the top logs were milled into case timber. At Brisbane the building timbers were planed on Hancock and Gore&#39;s planning machines and manufactured into all kinds of building timbers including lining boards and flooring. The case timbers were re-sawn and manufactured into butter boxes, jam cases, fruit cases, kerosene cases etc. Specially selected logs were transported to Brisbane for manufacture into "Bull-dog" plywood and Hancock and Gore Ltd high class joinery. Bringing timber to the mill were 15 bullock teams and 11 lorries, while five lorries delivered the sawn and seasoned timber to Kilcoy railway station for transportation to Hancock and Gore establishments in Brisbane. The record for the greatest daily output of pine was 48,000 super feet in 8 hours and for 10 hours work on the same day the cut was 64,500 super feet.</p><br>
<p>The area around Jimna was predominantly rainforest, thick with hoop pine when the Hancock and Gore mill commenced operations in 1922. This valuable resource was eventually cut out. Jimna became the site of reforestation experiments when a Forest Ranger was sent to Jimna to establish a nursery located on the site of the present forestry administration building. The establishment of hoop pine plantations in the region began in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Concerns about the depletion of native timbers in the period leading up to the 1930s led to the establishment of plantation forestry in south-east Queensland. As early as the late 19th century, it had become clear that the logging of native timbers at its current rate was unsustainable. The Queensland Acclimatisation Society and sawmillers such as William Pettigrew were among those calling for better management of the colony&#39;s forests. Various attempts to regulate timber-getters proved unsuccessful and by 1906, cedar was virtually extinct in south east Queensland. In 1897, in a bid to improve forest management, amendments were made to the Crown Lands Act which allowed for the proclamation of State Forests and in 1900 a Forestry Branch was created in the Department of Public Lands to continue reservation of well-timbered lands where necessary. From 1905, a policy of setting aside land for managed forests began to be pursued on the recommendations of the Forestry Branch. However, tension continued to persist between the advocates of forest conservation and interests associated with agriculture, pastoralism and timber industries both inside and outside of government.</p><br>
<p>Progress was made when Norman William Jolly, appointed as Director of Forests in 1910, recognised the urgent need for regeneration of native forests and for plantations of native and exotic timbers. He established a number of experimental stations and conducted experiments with the natural and artificial regeneration of hoop, bunya, cedar and exotics. Plantation forestry began in earnest during the tenure of Jollys successor, Edward Swain (1918–1932). Swain established the States first commercial plantations in 1920 to 1921, planting native seedlings in the Mary Valley, Atherton and Fraser Island. An independent Forestry Department was created in 1924, with much of its workforce supplied from returned soldiers employed under a Federal Government subsidy. A comprehensive survey of remaining forests was conducted by the Forestry Department in the 1920s. It was clear that more State Forests would be needed and also substantial plantations of exotic pines. With the exception of hoop pine, native timbers did not do well in plantations.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s and 1940s upgrading and expansion of the Jimna sawmill continued. In 1935 when an electric planing machine was installed, a generator was used as the power source. It was also utilised to supply homes and streetlights with power. The planer was closed in 1942 to concentrate on timber for the war effort. In 1943 a hardwood mill was started. When the pine mill burned down in 1947 it was immediately re-built with much more modern machinery. Thinnings from the Forestry Department&#39;s hoop pine plantations were first milled at Jimna in 1947 or 1948. The Forestry Department maintained a presence in the area thereafter. Upgrading of machinery and power sources continued into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Jimna mill closed in the early 1970s when it became more economical for the company to transport logs to mills on the coast than keep the sawmill operating. The mill was dismantled in the mid-1970s and thereafter the store, butcher and baker shops and post office closed as the workforce left. Where houses were occupied the Forestry Department offered to transfer the occupation leases to the occupants. Unoccupied houses were demolished or burned and almost half the buildings in the town disappeared. In 1984 the Forestry Department offered to freehold property and most residents purchased their houses.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the remaining evidence of the towns 50-year history as a timber-milling settlement are the Single Mens Barracks with associated cookhouse; some houses for married workers in Dingo Parade, which was previously known as Honeymoon Avenue; the store, which has been altered significantly; the provisional school and state school buildings; the community hall; married men&#39;s quarters that date from 1957 or 1958 and have been relocated; and the concrete slab and mountings of the generator that powered the mill.</p><br>
<p>Some changes to the Single Men&#39;s Barracks have occurred over time. The original verandah is now only partly enclosed with windows, has been divided in two with a wall and door, and has had a store room erected at its eastern end. Openings have been made between a number of single rooms to allow them to operate as flats. A small, northern deck has been added and can be accessed from one of the newly created flats or suite of rooms. Underneath, steel support columns with individual pad footings have been installed; except for at the eastern end the building where concrete block has been used to enclose a number of wet service rooms. The cookhouse does not appear to have been altered significantly, other than to have the original range removed and another installed. The garden and fence to the southern facade of the barracks building has been altered since 1984, as the only close-up photographic evidence reveals.</p><br>
<p>Without any evidence from historical records, dating the building by its fabric alone is difficult, but it is most likely to have been erected between late 1922 when the sawmill began operation and the beginning of WW II. This estimate is based on its overall form, which features an enclosed verandah and a single roof over the entire structure; and the use of a single skin of fibrous cement sheeting on internal partition walls; as well as a number of elements believed to be original: the style of the casement windows with a number of lights and a predominance of mottled glazing, and the dark brown Bakelite electrolier light fittings (lights and adjacent cord-operated switch fixed to ceiling on timber board). Such an estimate would place the construction of the barracks at a time when the mill&#39;s operations was expanding in the 1930s and 40s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>On the Jimna Range, in the northern part of the Jimna State Forest, the Single Men&#39;s Barracks and cookhouse site is approximately 1.5 kilometres north from the turn-off to the Kilcoy-Murgon Road and approximately 1.5 kilometres east of the Jimna Fire Tower (which is also heritage-listed). The barracks building and its associated cookhouse occupy the eastern end of a 5408 square metre allotment in Tip Road on the northern edge of the remnant township of Jimna. At the western end of the long, rectangular allotment are a collection of other timber buildings, two of which are reputed to be married quarters shifted from another location within the settlement. They include at least one permanent dwelling, a shed and attached carport, and a fenced chicken run built around a mature bunya pine. Access to the site is from the adjacent allotment to the south. The line of the barracks and cookhouse sits perpendicular to the slope of a grassed hillside that falls to the north and a valley line that would connect with Yabba Creek to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Single Mens Barracks is a gable-roofed structure, approximately 30 metres long and 5 metres wide, which is raised off the ground on steel columns except at the eastern end where a set of understorey rooms, taking advantage of the slope of the ground, have been enclosed in concrete block and founded on a slab. The cookhouse sits approximately 2 metres away at the barracks eastern, short end, its floor about level with that of the understorey rooms. To the south-east of this there is a timber-clad shed, caravan and rough-sawn timber-framed shelter with corrugated iron roof. Amidst these structures stand three mature bunya and hoop pine trees. Between the southern facade and site boundary is a grassed and fenced yard with maintained garden beds that, according to photographic evidence has been formed after 1984. The boundary fence is timber and parts are reputedly made of reclaimed cedar posts. To the south in the adjacent allotment the remains of the sawmilling town&#39;s ant-bed tennis court are visible.</p><br>
<h3>The barracks</h3><br>
<p>The gable roof of the barracks is clad in corrugated iron; however its ridge line is not symmetrically disposed over the building, being approximately 1.5 metres from the northern facade. The pitch of both roof faces is approximately 11 Degrees. The walls are clad in weatherboards. A semi-enclosed verandah stretches the full length of the building on its southern side. To the height of the timber handrail, which is approximately 1 metre, it is clad in weatherboards, while above this it is partially enclosed with a variety of windows, including timber-framed casements and aluminium-framed sliders. The verandah can be accessed at two points: via a small, timber ramp on the western facade and from timber stairs, approximately 1.2 metres wide, positioned in the centre of the southern facade. A recent metal roof shelters these stairs, and a set of timber-framed, 10-light double doors open into the verandah at the head of them; while a high- waisted timber door provides access from the ramp.</p><br>
<p>A corrugated iron tank on a low, timber-framed tank stand is positioned adjacent to the door on the western facade. Between these two features a series of cuts in the weatherboards correspond to the internal width of the verandah. The eastern facade to the cookhouse has no openings, although it also has a series of consecutive cuts, which have been covered by metal plates, in an upper section of the weatherboard cladding. What these cuts in the weatherboarding means is unclear, as there are no close-up photographs of the building taken prior to 1984.</p><br>
<p>There are twelve openings on the northern facade. The original rhythm of six sets of two has been maintained, although the fourth from the west has been formed into a door to give access to a small timber deck. This door and the two windows toward the west belong to a set of later additions, the former being timber-framed and painted white and the latter two being aluminium-framed casements. The remaining windows are merely openings that are sealed with flyscreen and can only be closed by bringing down the timber awning shutters, which are propped open with pieces of timber dowel.</p><br>
<p>Running off the verandah, on the northern side of the barracks building, the demarcation of twelve small rooms can still be easily discerned, despite a number of openings being made to allow access between them. These rooms are approximately 3 metres deep and 2.4 metres wide, and all except one have a floor to ceiling height of 2.8 metres. The verandah has been partitioned by a wall with a board door, the western end serving the first four rooms and the eastern end the remaining eight. The outer walls in both sections are unlined, while the opposing ones are clad in weatherboards. The floors are made with wide timber boards that are carpeted in places, and the ceiling is unlined.</p><br>
<p>The first room at the westernmost end of the building is used as a laundry and the framing of the walls, and the roof as there is no ceiling, is visible here. The wall studs are housed or notched directly into the end rafter and there is a ridge beam and widely spaced battens. Openings have been made into the shared walls to allow Room Numbers 2, 3, 4 and 5 (refer sketch plan drawing below) to operate as a flat for the owner of the barracks building, containing bath, bed, and living rooms as well as a kitchen. The walls and ceilings of all twelve rooms in the barracks are clad in fibrous cement sheeting. Those on the northern and southern sides have timber cover strips. Those shared are single-skin, with exposed timber framing decorated with rounded cover strips, on each face. Any later openings between rooms have been kept within this framing grid, where the single horizontal rail is approximately 1.8 metres from the floor. Room Numbers 10, 11 and 12 have been joined in a similar way with a small store room having been installed at the easternmost end of the verandah. In addition Room Numbers 8 and 9 have been joined. The internal linings, rails and cover strips have been painted.</p><br>
<p>In the understorey rooms, at the eastern end of the building, the floor framing is visible, revealing that the wall studs are housed or notched into the bearers, requiring the floorboards to be fitted around them. Much of the timber framing and cladding in the barracks building bear the marks of a circular saw. The studs to the internal partition walls bear on the floorboards.</p><br>
<p>There are two types of timber casement window, which are likely to be original. The only close-up photograph of the barracks was taken in 1984 when the property was purchased by its current owner. It is after this time that changes have been made to suit their personal requirements. The first window type is divided by mullions into four equal lights of mottled glazing. The second is divided in half, and then the upper section has two narrow lights in its lower half. These are clear glazing while the other two are mottled.</p><br>
<h3>The cookhouse</h3><br>
<p>The cookhouse is rectangular in plan, approximately 4.5 metres to the east and west, and 6.5 metres in the opposite direction. It is clad entirely in corrugated iron, which on the walls is fitted between large undressed timber posts and continues to the underside of the ceiling joists, leaving a narrow gap. The eaves are unlined. The corner posts at the eastern end are notched to take horizontal timber wall members. A narrow section of roof, approximately 4 metres from the ground and running along the cookhouse&#39;s eastern end, projects approximately one metre above the remaining skillion roof to form a chimney for the range inside. A large sliding, corrugated iron-clad door takes up the entire western facade to the barracks to a height of approximately 2 metres. It runs on a metal head track, and when open, projects past the northern facade of the structure. There is a timber-framed awning window in the southern facade. There are no openings on the eastern facade. To the north, there is a single board door and narrow fixed window. A set of logs and large rocks form a number of steps away from this door. A large corrugated iron tank and timber- framed stand sits adjacent to the cookhouse to the north.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the cookhouse is a single room with unlined walls. Along the eastern wall are two Crown cast-iron ranges, the one in the middle being used when the sawmilling township was operational, having been moved from the boarding house. It is supported at each end on half-height brick walls. A tubular, metal flue sits at its rear. The floor is brick with some patchy carpeting. Around the walls a concrete edge-beam that rises above the floor level by approximately 20 centimetres is visible. The walls, particularly those on the east where the range is situated, are covered in blackened grease and smoke residue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Jimna Single Men&#39;s Barracks was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Single Men&#39;s Barracks is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland history relating to the timber industry in southern Queensland, which was the most productive timber-getting region in the State. Jimna demonstrates the phase of inland timber-getting after the easily accessible coastal softwoods were depleted in the 19th century. Dating from 1922 Jimna was one of the sites of timber retrieval facilitated and intrinsically linked to branch rail line development.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Single Men&#39;s Barracks demonstrates the practice by private companies involved in the removal and milling of Queensland timbers from native and later plantation forests of providing the infrastructure, in particular accommodation, of inland timber towns built around mill sites.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Single Mens Barracks, is a remnant of a privately operated timber town, a form of settlement which was once common but has been almost entirely dismantled. The barracks is a rare example of workers accommodation provided by a private timber company.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Jimna Single Mens Barracks is representative of the infrastructure of private timber towns. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the accommodation that was created for the express purpose of housing unmarried timber workers in remote locations. Its features include: a long, gable-roofed timber building containing a row of single rooms serving as mens sleeping quarters and opening onto a building-length verandah, and an intact and distinctively formed cookhouse framed with timber and clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Jimna Single Mens Barracks has a strong association with the company, Hancock and Gore Limited, once one of Queenslands largest timber firms, which established the township at Jimna in 1922 for the express purpose of timber retrieval and milling, and which also provided accommodation and services for its employees; functions which continued for approximately 50 years.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Lowrie House is located at 83 Stockton Street in Princeton, New Jersey and is the official residence of the president of Princeton University. The mansion was built in 1845 by Commodore Robert F. Stockton for his son John P. Stockton, both senators from New Jersey. Prior to being a senator the younger Stockton had served as the Attorney General of New Jersey and later as ambassador to Italy. Commodore Stockton was the son of Richard Stockton, another New Jersey Senator, and grandson of Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The latter Richard Stockton built Morven in the 18th century, which sits a short distance up Stockton Street. His grandfather&#39;s home, known as the "Barracks" is found at 32 Edgehill Street, the street which fronts the gate to the Walter Lowrie House property. It was built in the 17th century and gained its name from having served as a barracks in either the French and Indian War or the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Lowrie House was the work of noted architect John Notman, who designed a number of mansions for the Stockton family including nearby Guernsey Hall and Prospect House. Notman popularized the Italianate revival architecture in the United States and his Princeton homes are prime examples of that style.</p><br>
<p>The home was purchased from John P Stockton by Paul Tulane, best known for endowing Tulane University in New Orleans. In 1895 it was acquired by George Allison Armour, whose daughter Barbara would take up the residence in 1930 along with her husband, Walter Lowrie. Walter Lowrie had served for many years as the Episcopal rector of St Paul&#39;s Within the Walls, sometimes known as the American Church in Rome. Lowrie was a noted Kierkegaardian theologian and translator, spending his retirement in Princeton publishing academic works, including twelve volumes of Kierkegaard translations. After his death in 1959, his wife donated the home to Princeton University in memory of her husband, who had been a member of the Princeton class of 1890. It was used as a guest house by the university from 1960 to 1968 and subsequently became the official residence of the president of the university. The official residence had originally been Maclean House, built 1756. From 1878-1968, it had been Prospect House but was moved to Walter Lowrie House, which is off campus grounds. Prospect House then became the site of a faculty club.</p><br>
<p>The Jewett-Eastman House is a historic house at 37 Portland Street in the center of South Berwick, Maine. Built about 1850, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture. It is most notable for its association with the Jewett family, which included a prominent local businessman and a doctor, as well as the writer Sarah Orne Jewett, who was raised in this house. It served the town for a time as its public library, and is now owned by Historic New England, serving as a gallery space and as the visitors center for the adjacent Sarah Orne Jewett House.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jewett-Eastman House is located on the north side of Portland Street, just east of its junction with Main Street at the center of South Berwick&#39;s main village. It is located just east of the National Historic Landmark Sarah Orne Jewett House, which stands at that corner. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof and clapboard siding. The original main entrance is located on the right bay of the three-bay front facade, set in a recessed opening flanked by Doric pilasters and topped by an entablature. The gable end is fully pedimented, with pilasters at the building corners and an entablature encircling the building below the roofline. Single-story wings extend to either side of the main block from near its rear, and a hip-roof porch extends along the left side of the building, sheltering what is now the main entrance in the left wing.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1850 by Theodore Furbur Jewett for his son, Theodore Herman Jewett. The younger Jewett had been living in the his father&#39;s house, which is where his first daughter Sarah was born in 1849. He raised is children in this house, which was passed to his daughter Carol when she married Edwin Eastman. Theodore Jewett Eastman, the son of Carol and Edwin Eastman, donated both houses to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), now Historic New England (HNE).</p><br>
<p>The house was adapted for use as the South Berwick Public Library in the 1970s, and was sold by SPNEA in 1984 to a local non-profit. The house was repurchased by HNE in 2011 after the library moved out, and has been adapted for use as a gallery and function space, and as the visitors center for the adjacent Sarah Orne Jewett House.</p><br>
<p>The town of New Carlisle, abutting the LaPorte County line in Olive Township in northwestern St. Joseph County, perches on a hill overlooking the rich Terre Coupee prairie to the east. Its main street, Michigan Street, at forty-five feet is wider than the towns other streets and has been from its platting in 1835 a part of an improved thoroughfare, first the Michigan Road, later the Lincoln Highway and, finally, US 20. Two parallel railroads, Conrail and the electrically powered South Shore, run along the towns north edge at the bottom of the hill, beyond which still lies open farmland. This is largely true to the west and south as well, although in recent years commercial development has occurred at the western edge of town along US 20 at the county line, and some residential development to the south. Along US 20 to the east  is a long line of ca. 1950 housing development, which until recently edged farmland between the highway and the railroads. Now much of this farmland is zoned industrial, owing largely to the construction less than 2 mi away of the enormous I/N Tek steel mill, completed in 1990, and its subsidiary I/N Kote, in 1991. The district is the main commercial district on Michigan Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town&#39;s location on one of the few main improved roads across the state had been enhanced in 1851 when the Lake Shore Railroad (later Lake Shore and Michigan Southern) laid down its tracks through New Carlisle at the bottom of the hill roughly paralleling the Michigan Road that was two to three blocks upwards to the south. In the late 1870s the line was absorbed by the New York Central system, and remained so until recent years, when it became Conrail. After the turn of the century, two interurban companies, the Chicago Lake Shore and South Bend Railway (later the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad) and the Northern Indiana Railway served New Carlisle, running alongside the New York Central tracks. Ihe latter company failed during the Depression and its tracks were removed, but the venerable South Shore continues to this day.</p><br>
<p>As the importance of the railroads and the interurbans began to be challenged by the rise of the automobile. New Carlisles location on an improved road again contributed to its continuing prosperity. The Lincoln Highway, the first of the privately administered transcontinental roads to be routed in response to a rising public demand for better roads, crossed northern Indiana via Fort Wayne, South Bend, LaPorte, Valparaiso, and Schererville. Essentially completed in 1915, the Lincoln Highway passed through New Carlisle on Michigan Street, the old Michigan Road. In 1919 the newly formed State Highway Commission designated the Lincoln Highway as a "main market road," preparatory to setting up Indianas state highway system. In the 1920s the federal government laid the foundation for its highway network, and designated the route running through the top row of counties in northern Indiana, which included parts of the old Michigan Road from South Bend to Michigan City, as US 20. Many other small towns along the new highway, such as Rolling Prairie about five miles to the west, were bypassed in the 1920s and 1930s, but New Carlisle was spared, perhaps owing to the topographical difficulties any feasible bypass route would encounter.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Chapman, Charles C. History of St. Joseph County, Indiana. Chicago, 1880.</p><br>
<p>Howard, Timothy Edward. History of St. Joseph County; Chicago, 1907.</p><br>
<p>Greiff, Glory-June; "An Overview of Commerce in Indiana, 1679–1890;" 1989. Historic context on file at DHPA.</p><br>
<p>Greiff, Glory-June; "An Overview of Transportation in Indiana: 1670–1890." 1990. Historic context on file at DHPA. Historic Preservation Commission of South Bend and St. Joseph County.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory of St. Joseph County. South Bend, 1981.</p><br>
<p>Illustrated Historical Atlas of St. Joseph County, Indiana. Chicago, 1875.</p><br>
<p>Stoll, J.B. History of St. Joseph County. Volume 3 of Logan Esarey, History of Indiana. Dayton, Ohio, 1927.</p><br>
<p>Watt, Marguerite McCord, and Kathlyn V. Wade. New Carlisle: The Story of Our Town. LaPorte, 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Italianate House at 608 Academy Street, Valparaiso, Indiana was constructed by Conrad and Catherine Bloch in about 1873. The double-pile brick house has a commanding presence on a double lot at the corner of Park and Academy Streets. A brick woodhouse dates to about the same period as the house. The garage dates from about 1940. The house was converted to the Valparaiso Hospital and Sanitarium by Dr. Harvey Cook in about 1923. It has been converted back to a single family home.</p><br>
<p>Conrad and Catherine Bloch came to Valparaiso and opened a store. They built their brick home in the Italianate style. About 1923, Luther Bloch Jr., a grandson leased the building to Dr. Harvey Cook. Dr. Cook opened it as a hospital. The doctor lived east of the hospital at Morgan and Chicago Streets. Structural changes were made to accommodate the hospital. When it closed I the early 1930s, it was turned into apartments. It continued in use as apartments until 1975. In 1977, it was converted back to single-family use. A student apartment remains on the upper floor.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The house faces Academy Street to the west. The foundation is brick with a blend of colors using salmon, red, orange and tans. Stone trim forms a water table about 3 ft above ground between the basement and the first floor. The main entry and front windows are trimmed in arched stone half-rounds and sills. The window arches rest on thin engaged stone columns. Some windows have paired engaged columns between. The other facades have less ornate trim. Paired scrolled wood brackets support a wide overhanging eave. The house is covered by a low-sloped hipped roof.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings and districts on the NRHP</h3><br>
<p>Haste-Crumpacker House</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Lutheran Church</p><br>
<p>Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic</p><br>
<p>William McCallum House</p><br>
<p>Charles S. and Mary McGill House</p><br>
<p>Porter County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s House</p><br>
<p>Porter County Memorial Opera Hall</p><br>
<p>David Garland Rose House</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner House</p><br>
<p>Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District</p><br>
<p>Washington Street Historic District (Valparaiso, Indiana)</p><br>
<p>Phi Gamma Delta House is an historic fraternity house at 69 College Avenue, near the campus of the University of Maine in Orono. It is the only Tudor Revival fraternity house on that campus, and was built to provide increased housing to the school&#39;s male student population. The architects were C. Parker Crowell and Walter Lancaster. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Phi Gamma Delta House is located on the west side of College Avenue, at the southwestern edge of the University of Maine campus, and just east of the Stillwater River. It is the southernmost of a series of fraternity and sorority houses that line College Avenue. It is a large 2-1/2 story brick Tudor Revival structurem with a side-gable slate roof and an asymmetrical projecting front-gable entry section. A second gable section projects from the rear at the building&#39;s northern end. The exterior is dark brick laid in common bond, with occasional glazed and rough-cut bricks adding texture. Windows are varied in size and dimensions. The projecting entry section has an asymmetrical roof line that is two stories at the left, and slopes down to the first floor on the right, joining a slightly-projecting gabled section where the door is located. The public spaces of the interior, especially the main living and dining areas, are richly decorated.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1925 to satisfy an overwhelming need for additional housing at the school, which then had only two male dormitories. The state legislature authorized the school to guarantee construction loans for fraternity houses in 1903, a step that helped alleviate its housing problems at that time. This house is the only house built under that program that is still in use by the original fraternity, and is the school&#39;s only Tudor Revival fraternity house.</p><br>
<p>Zourafa , also called Ladoxera , is a rocky islet in the northeastern Aegean, 6 nmi east of Samothrace. It is part of the Thracian Sporades archipelago and is the northeastern-most Greek possession in the Aegean. Zourafa has an area of 9 m&sup2; and a 32 m long coastline. A lighthouse operates on Zourafa.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The etymology of Zourafa is uncertain. Giorgos Lekakis, author of Samothraki: Holy Island, says that it is likely to be a compound of ζούρα " sediment" and φα "visible". Zourafa is inscribed "Zürafa kaya" on the 1521 Piri Reis map, meaning "giraffe rock" in Turkish., a Samothracian scholar, published a monograph on Zourafa in 1897, referring to the islet as " Ζγόραφα" (Zgorafa).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Zourafa is located 6 nmi east of Skepasto, the northeastern tip of the island of Samothrace, and 22 nmi from Alexandroupoli. It has an estimated area of 9 m&sup2; and measures 32 m in circumference (undated). Zourafa has been gradually reduced in size by erosion. It peaks out of a 30 m long underwater ledge, remnant of a volcanic island. Sailors are cautioned about navigating in the vicinity of Zourafa.</p><br>
<p>Zourafa is administered by Greece. In 2011, it was reported in Greek press that Turkey had laid a claim on the islet (see Aegean dispute).</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The lighthouse on Zourafa was destroyed by severe weather in the winter of 2012 and was rebuilt by September. The new lighthouse is powered by solar energy. An icon of Saint Nicholas was placed "in prominent view". Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, and his icon is found on many ships and in many ports in Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Zourafa comprises a Natura 2000-designated area, along with the Fengari mountain and eastern coastal region of Samothrace and the bordering sea. The site was designated a Special Area of Conservation in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Alpha Rho Chi Fraternity House is a historic fraternity house located at the University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign in Champaign, Illinois. Its resident fraternity was one of the two founding chapters of Alpha Rho Chi; it formed as the Arcus Society in 1911 and became the Anthemios chapter of Alpha Rho Chi in 1914. The fraternitys members were all students in architecture or a related field; its name came from the first three letters in the Greek word for architecture, and the chapters namesake was a famous Greek architect. The fraternity&#39;s house, designed in 1928 by local architecture firm Royer, Danley, and Smith, is itself a notable architectural work. The building blends elements of the French Eclectic and English Arts and Crafts styles; significant details include the corner tower over its arched entrance, brick chimneys at the narrow ends of its "L"-shaped plan, decorative brickwork, and a steep tile hip roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Tumon Bay Japanese fortifications are a collection of World War II-era military structures along the coast of Guam in and near the village of Tumon. Many of these structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, using the alternate spelling "Tomhum". They include pillboxes on or close to the beach, and concrete structures and caves located a short way inland on the limestone cliffs that overlook the beach.</p><br>
<h2>Beach defenses</h2><br>
<p>There are three pillboxes on or near the beach of Tumon Bay, all made from concrete mixed with coral limestone. The first is a partially-collapsed concrete structure between the Hyatt Regency Guam and the beach; it has two embrasures providing gun placements facing north and west. The second is located south of the first, north of the Holiday Resort and Spa; it has an entrance (damaged) to the south, with wall extensions, and a gun opening facing roughly east, with a view over much of the bay and coastline. The third is located further west, near the Fiesta Resort Guam, and is further inland (about 50 m instead of the 6 -) than the first two, having been relocated from its original position closer to the beach. It is six-sided, a roughly rectangular shape with two corners clipped, with gun openings on the short side and angled sides.</p><br>
<h2>Cliff defenses</h2><br>
<p>There are at least three defensive structures documented in the cliffs above Tumon Beach. Cliffline Fortification One, about 8 mi south of St. John&#39;s School, is a concrete structure 1.75 x, with a west-facing embrasure overlooking Tumon Bay. Only its entrance is visible. Cliffline Fortification Two is a series of hand-dug caves excavated out of the limestone cliffs. The largest of these is 17.5 m in length, with limestone pills for support, and is the only one showing evidence of use by the Japanese. The others are typically much shallower, with depths of under 7 m.</p><br>
